Bhagavad Gītā · Chapter 11 · Viśvarūpa Darśana Yoga
आख्याहि मे को भवानुग्ररूपो
नमोऽस्तु ते देववर प्रसीद
विज्ञातुमिच्छामि भवन्तमाद्यं
न हि प्रजानामि तव प्रवृत्तिम्
॥ ११.३१ ॥
ākhyāhi me ko bhavānugrarūpo
namo'stu te devavara prasīda|
vijñātumicchāmi bhavantamādyaṃ
na hi prajānāmi tava pravṛttim||
Word meanings
मे = to me
आख्याहि = tell
उग्ररूपः = of terrible form
भवान् = you
कः = who
देववर = O best of gods
ते = to you
नमः = obeisance
अस्तु = let there be
प्रसीद = be gracious
आद्यम् = the primal one
भवन्तम् = you
विज्ञातुम् = to know fully
इच्छामि = I wish
हि = for
तव = your
प्रवृत्तिम् = purpose
न, प्रजानामि = I do not understand
Translation
Tell me who You are with a form so terrible. My obeisance to You, O best of gods; be kind to me, I wish to know You, the Primal Being, in particular; for I know not Your purpose.
Commentary
The commentators seated around this verse

Rāmānuja · Viśiṣṭādvaita
English
Madhvācārya · Dvaita
Madhva BhāṣyaSanskritEnglishOn verses 11.28–11.31
“धर्मान्तरज्ञानार्थमेव, को भवान् इति पृच्छति | यथा क्वचित् किञ्चिन्नामादिकं जानन्नपि जातिज्ञानार्थं पृच्छति कस्य इति | यदि तमेव न जानाति, तर्हि विष्णोः इत्येव सम्बोधनं न स्यात् ? त्वमक्षरम् इत्यादि च ||” - To know further details, ‘Tell me who You are’. In the normal life even though one knows others by their attributes, they do not know them by their inherent nature. Therefore the question ‘Tell me who You are’. It is not that Arjuna did not know. Otherwise, using words Vishnu or the Imperishable would appear contradictory.

Madhvācārya · Dvaita
Gītā Tātparya NirṇayaSanskritEnglishOn verses 11.28–11.31
“विशेषगुणकर्मविषय एव प्रश्नः | विष्णोः इति सम्बोधनात् ||” - To know the details of the special attributes and the performance is the question ‘Tell me who You are’.

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī
English31 "Relate unto me who Thou art, Thou of fierce form. A salutation unto Thee, O Foremost of the Gods. Be gracious; I desire to know in fulness Thee that art the Primal One, as I do not understand (the purpose of) Thy actions." (444)
Therefore, Oh thou Almighty that art known only by the Vedas, the Primal source of the three worlds; Oh thou Supreme Being adored by the Universe, do but once listen to my prayers". So saying the hero bowed down his head (and placed it) at the feet of the Lord and said, "Oh, Lord of all, do hear my request. I asked for the vision of the Omnipresence for peace of mind, and thou hast stood up all of a sudden swallowing all the worlds. So (tell me) who thou art and to what purpose thou joinst many dreadful mouths? Why art thou wielding all these weapons in all thy hands? Oh, thou in full wrath hast grown to such giant size that the very sky is made to look small, and why art thou frightening me with thy angry stare at me? And why Oh Lord, art thou vying with that all destructive Yama (कृतांत)? Do tell me all that is in thy mind.” At this Anant said: “You ask me who I am and why I have grown with such raging fury.”
Swami Ramsukhdas · Modern
English'Ākhyāhi me ko bhavānugrarūpo namo'stu te devavara prasīda'—Arjuna says, that the Lord revealed Himself in His divine form, as well as the fearful form, and Arjuna, could not know the reality about Him. So, he asked Him, who He was. Beholding such a terrible form, what could he do, but bow down his head? So he bowed deeply to Him. Having a vision of His terrible form, licking the people on all sides, Arjuna prayed to Him, to be merciful to him.
'Vijñātumicchāmi bhavantamādyam na hi prajānāmi tava pravṛttim'—The Lord, first of all incarnated Himself, in his cosmic form (in the form of the world). So he has been addressed as the Primal One. Arjuna could not know the Lord's motive, in revealing that divine form, as well as the terrible form, in His cosmic body. So he wanted to know, His motive in that revelation and also what He wanted to do, afterwards.
Now a question arises, that the Lord's first incarnation was in the cosmic form (in the form of the universe), and here Arjuna beheld His cosmic form, in a limb of His body. Are both of His forms the same or are different? The answer is, that it is only the Lord who knows the reality; yet after reflection, it seems that the
universe was also within the cosmic form, which Arjuna beheld. When it is said, that the Lord pervades everywhere, it means that he pervades the infinite universes, within and without, this universe. All these universes, are held, in one of His limbs.
Appendix—Having seen the grand terrible form of the Lord, Arjuna is so much terrified and perturbed that he asks his friend Śrī Kṛṣṇa Who He is!
Link:—In the next verse, the Lord answers Arjuna's question.

Ādi Śaṅkarācārya · Advaita
Sanskritआख्याहि कथय मे मह्यं कः भवान् उग्ररूपः क्रूराकारः, नमः अस्तु ते तुभ्यं हे देववर देवानां प्रधान, प्रसीद प्रसादं कुरु । विज्ञातुं विशेषेण ज्ञातुं इच्छामि भवन्तं आद्यं आदौ भवं आद्यम्, न हि यस्मात् प्रजानामि तव त्वदीयां प्रवृत्तिं चेष्टाम् ॥

Ādi Śaṅkarācārya · Advaita
Hindiक्योंकि आप ऐसे उग्र स्वभाववाले हैं, इसलिये—
मुझे बतलाइये कि भयंकर आकारवाले आप कौन हैं? हे देववर अर्थात् देवोंमें प्रधान! आपको नमस्कार हो, आप कृपा करें। सृष्टिके आदिसे होनेवाले आप परमेश्वरको मैं भली प्रकार जानना चाहता हूँ, क्योंकि मैं आपकी प्रवृत्ति अर्थात् चेष्टाको नहीं समझ रहा हूँ

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī
Marathiतरी एक वेळ वेदवेद्या । जी त्रिभुवनैक आद्या । विनवणी विश्ववंद्या । आइकें माझी ॥ ४४४ ॥ ऐसें बोलोनि वीरें । चरण नमस्कारिलें शिरें । मग म्हणें तरी सर्वेश्वरें । अवधारिजो ॥ ४४५ ॥ मियां होआवया समाधान । जी पुसिलें विश्वरूपध्यान । आणि एकेंचि काळें त्रिभुवन । गिळितुचि उठिलासी ॥ ४४६ ॥ तरी तूं कोण कां येतुलीं । इयें भ्यासुरें मुखें कां मेळविलीं । आघवियाचि करीं परिजिलीं । शस्त्रें कांह्या ॥ ४४७ ॥ जी जंव तंव रागीटपणें । वाढोनि गगना आणितोसि उणें । कां डोळे करूनि भिंगुळवाणे । भेडसावीत आहासी ॥ ४४८ ॥ एथ कृतांतेंसि देवा । कासया किजतसे हेवा । हा आपुला तुवां सांगावा । अभिप्राय मज ॥ ४४९ ॥ या बोला म्हणे अनंतु । मी कोण हें आहासी पुसतु । आणि कायिसयालागीं असे वाढतु । उग्रतेसी ॥ ४५० ॥

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī
Hindi(11.444) हे वेदों से जानने योग्य, हे त्रिभुवन के एक ही आदिकारण, हे विश्ववन्ध! एक बार मेरी विनती सुनिए।
(11.445) ऐसा कह कर अर्जुन ने चरणों पर मस्तक घर कर नमस्कार किया और कहा कि है सर्वेश्वर! सुनिए।
(11.446) अजी, मैंने समाधान होने के लिए आपसे विश्वरूप का ध्यान पूछा और आप एकदम त्रिभुवन का लीलते ही उठे (11.447) तो ऐसे आप कौन हैं? ये इतने भयानक मुख क्यों इकट्ठे किये हैं? और सब हाथों में आपने शस्त्र किस लिए पकड़े हैं?
(11.448) अजी, जब देखो तब आप क्रोध से विस्तृत हो आकाश को न्यूनता लाते हैं, तथा भयानक नेत्र बना कर क्यों हमें डरा रहे हैं?
(11.449) हे देव! आप कृतान्त से किस लिए स्पर्धा कर रहे हैं? अपना अभिप्राय हमें बताइए।
(11.450) इस पर श्रीकृष्ण ने कहा कि मैं कौन हूँ और इस उग्रता से क्यों बढ़ रहा हूँ, यदि यह पूछते हो

Sri Udiya Baba · Modern
Hindiभावार्थ— हे देवश्रेष्ठ! मुझे बताइये कि उग्ररूपधारी आप कौन हैं, आपको नमस्कार है, आप प्रसन्न होइये। मैं आप आदिस्वरूप को जानना चाहता हूँ, मैं आपकी प्रवृत्ति को [अर्थात् आप क्या करना चाहते हैं—इस बात को] नहीं जानता।
व्याख्या— आदिस्वरूप अर्थात् वास्तविक स्वरूप को जानना चाहता हूँ, जहाँ आदि-अन्त होता है वहाँ तो माया होती है। इसलिये जो आदि-अन्त से रहित है उसी को यहाँ आदिस्वरूप कहा है। इससे सिद्ध होता है कि अर्जुन भगवान् के उस स्वरूप को जानना चाहता है जो कार्य-कारण, साकार-निराकार और सगुण-निर्गुण से परे है। सविशेष रूप से तो भगवान् सामने विराजमान हैं ही, उससे तो वह चिरपरिचित है। अतः वह उनके पारमार्थिक निर्विशेष रूप को जानना
चाहता है इसीलिये उसे देखने की बात न कहकर 'विज्ञातुम्' पद से जानने की बात कही है। अतः उसे जिज्ञासा है देखने की इच्छा नहीं। इसी से 'प्रसीद' (प्रसन्न होइये) ऐसा भी कहा है, क्योंकि भगवान् अपने वास्तविक स्वरूप को तो स्वयं ही जानते हैं और उनकी कृपा से ही किसी अन्य को उसका ज्ञान हो सकता है।
Swami Ramsukhdas · Modern
Hindi‘आख्याहि मे को भवानुरूपो नमोऽस्तु ते देववर प्रसीद’—आप देवरूपसे भी दीख रहे हैं और उग्ररूपसे भी दीख रहे हैं; तो वास्तवमें ऐसे रूपोंको धारण करनेवाले आप कौन हैं?
अत्यन्त उग्र विराट् रूपको देखकर भयके कारण अर्जुन नमस्कारके सिवाय और करते भी क्या? जब अर्जुन भगवान्के ऐसे विराट् रूपको समझनेमें सर्वथा असमर्थ हो गये, तब अन्तमें कहते हैं कि हे देवताओंमें श्रेष्ठ! आपको नमस्कार है।
भगवान् अपनी जीभसे सबको अपने मुखोंमें लेकर बार-बार चाट रहे हैं, ऐसे भयंकर बर्तावको देखकर अर्जुन प्रार्थना करते हैं कि आप प्रसन्न हो जाइये।
‘विज्ञातुमिच्छामि भवन्तमाद्यं न हि प्रजानामि तव प्रवृत्तिम्’—भगवान्का पहला अवतार विराट्-(संसार-) रूपमें ही हुआ था। इसलिये अर्जुन कहते हैं कि आदिनारायण! आपको मैं स्पष्टरूपसे नहीं जानता हूँ। मैं आपकी इस प्रवृत्तिको भी नहीं जानता हूँ कि आप यहाँ क्यों प्रकट हुए हैं? और आपके मुखोंमें हमारे पक्षके तथा
परिशिष्ट भाव—भगवान्के ऐश्वर्ययुक्त उग्ररूपको देखकर अर्जुन इतने घबरा जाते हैं कि अपने ही सखा श्रीकृष्णसे पूछ बैठते हैं कि आप कौन हैं!
सम्बन्ध—पूर्वश्लोकमें अर्जुनने प्रार्थनापूर्वक जो प्रश्न किया था, उसका यथार्थ उत्तर भगवान् आगेके श्लोकमें देते हैं।
श्रीभगवानुवाच
The Supreme Lord Krishna manifested His Viśvarūpa or divine universal form of wonderful and terrible visage to exhibit His unlimited and absolute sovereign power.
Now that Arjuna's request of seeing the Viśvarūpa has been granted he beseeches further to know Lord Krishna's intention and purpose for exhibiting it and he desires to know who Lord Krishna truly is apart from the Viśvarūpa.
He addresses Lord Krishna as deva-vara meaning Lord of all lords and is curious as to the reason why He exhibited to His surrendered bhakta or devotee the terrible visages with many mouths and teeth along with His wonderful form of cosmic glory.
Arjuna now desires to see Lord Krishna's pleasing and charming, sublime humanlike form.
Lord Krishna exhibited His all-powerful Viśvarūpa to show Arjuna in no uncertain terms that without any effort He will destroy all the kings and warriors that are arrayed in the Kaurāva army and this does not depend at all upon Arjuna and the Pāṇḍava army.
Lord Krishna is prepared to annihilate the complete Kaurāva army if need be and to assert this conviction He exhibited the terrible visages of the Viśvarūpa is to remind Arjuna of this.