Bhagavad Gītā · Chapter 4 · Jñāna Karma Sannyāsa Yoga
अर्जुन उवाच
अपरं भवतो जन्म परं जन्म विवस्वतः
कथमेतद्विजानीयां त्वमादौ प्रोक्तवानिति
॥ ४.४ ॥
arjuna uvāca
aparaṃ bhavato janma paraṃ janma vivasvataḥ|
kathametadvijānīyāṃ tvamādau proktavāniti||
Word meanings
भवतः = your
जन्म = birth
अपरम् = recent
विवस्वतः = of Vivasvān
जन्म = birth
परम् = earlier / long past
त्वम् = you
आदौ = in the beginning
एतत् = this
प्रोक्तवान् = taught
इति = that
कथम् = how
विजानीयाम् = am I to understand
Translation
Arjuna said: You are of recent origin, while the birth of Vivasvan dates back to remote y antiquity. How, then, am I to believe that K You taught this Yoga at the beginning of creations? (4) S
Commentary
The commentators seated around this verse

Rāmānuja · Viśiṣṭādvaita
English
Madhvācārya · Dvaita
Madhva BhāṣyaSanskritEnglishOn verses 4.4–4.5
“मयि सर्वाणि इत्युक्तं तन्माहात्म्यमादितो ज्ञातुं पृच्छति – अपरम् इति ।” - In view of Sri Krishna’s earlier statement “surrendering all the actions to Me”, Arjuna asks this question.

Madhvācārya · Dvaita
Gītā Tātparya NirṇayaSanskritEnglishOn verses 4.4–4.5
“जानन्तोऽपि विपेपार्थज्ञानाय स्थापनाय वा । पृच्छन्ति साधवो यस्मत्तेन पृच्छसि पार्थिव ॥” - The purpose of enquiry by men of wisdom is either for reconfirmation of the wisdom which they already possess or for additional clarification, thus, in Agni Purana not because Arjuna was unaware of the truth about the Lord.

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī
English4 Arjuna spoke—'To a later age belongs thy birth, to an earlier the birth of Vivasvat: How may I understand this, that thou didst expound (it) in the beginning?' (32)
Arjuna said, 'O Shrihari, you are the unlimited fountain of mercy and what wonder then, that a mother covers her child with tender caresses. You are the cool shelter to those souls who are tired and fatigued in the journey of worldly life; the very mother to those who are forsaken in life. We owe our very life to the divine grace; oh, you know well how a mother giving birth to a crippled child, has to suffer life-long hardships; such indeed, is your lot in relation to us. You know all this and it is needless to say all this before You. Now, my Lord hear attentively whatever I ask, and do not resent it. See, the old story about your preaching the secret of Yoga of actions to Vivasvat you narrated to us now, does not make any sense to my mind even for a moment, since who this Vivasvat was, was not known even to our forefathers. How could you then teach that truth to him? It is said that he (Vivasvat) lived in very ancient times; while your own life is only recent; so the two events are at variance with the fact that you told it to him. But on the other hand, O God, your own life is all a profound mystery to us; how can I, therefore, call it, at once as untrue, what you have said; so do tell me in a way that I can understand, all about this event,—that you gave to *Vivasvat this noble truth*.
Swami Ramsukhdas · Modern
English'Aparam bhavato janma param janma vivasvataḥ'— Arjuna asks Lord Kṛṣṇa, that He was born in the house of Vasudeva a few years ago, while Vivasvān (the sun-god) was born earlier at the beginning of creation. So how could he believe, that He had taught this Yoga to the sun-god.
This question of Arjuna expresses his curiosity, rather than argument or blame. He wants to hear from Lord Kṛṣṇa, the secret of His Divine descent, because only He was capable of revealing this secret, to him.
'Kathametadvijāniyām tvamādau proktavāniti'— Arjuna asks Lord Kṛṣṇa, how he should understand that He had taught this Yoga at the beginning of creation; because He was born later while the sun-god had been born earlier at the beginning of creation. As the Lord had recounted about several generations of the sun-god, it proves that He had imparted this knowledge, much earlier.
Link:—In response to Arjuna's question, the Lord reveals His omniscience, to manifest His Divine descent.

Ādi Śaṅkarācārya · Advaita
Sanskritअपरं अर्वाक् वसुदेवगृहे भवतो जन्म । परं पूर्वं सर्गादौ जन्म उत्पत्तिः विवस्वतः आदित्यस्य । तत् कथं एतत् विजानीयां अविरुद्धार्थतया, यः त्वमेव आदौ प्रोक्तवान् इमं योगं स एव इदानीं मह्यं प्रोक्तवानसि इति ॥ या वासुदेवे अनीश्वरासर्वज्ञाशङ्का मूर्खाणाम्, तां परिहरन् श्रीभगवानुवाच, यदर्थो ह्यर्जुनस्य प्रश्नः --

Ādi Śaṅkarācārya · Advaita
Hindiभगवान्ने असङ्गत कहा, ऐसी धारणा किसीकी न हो जाय, अतः उसको दूर करनेके लिये शङ्का करता हुआ-सा—
आपका जन्म तो अर्वाचीन है अर्थात् अभी वसुदेवके घरमें हुआ है और सूर्यकी उत्पत्ति पहले सृष्टिके आदिमें हुई थी।
तब मैं इस बातको अविरुद्धार्थयुक्त (सुसङ्गत) कैसे समझूँ कि जिन आपने इस योगको आदिकालमें कहा था, वही आप मुझसे कह रहे हैं

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī
Marathiतंव अर्जुन म्हणे हरी । माय आपुलेयाचा स्नेहो करी । एथ विस्मो काय अवधारीं । कृपानिधी ॥ ३२ ॥
तूं संसारश्रांतांची साऊली । अनाथ जीवांची माऊली । आमुतें कीर प्रसवली । तुझीच कृपा ॥ ३३ ॥
देवा पांगुळ एकादें विईजे । तरी जन्मोनि जोजारू साहिजे । हें बोलों काय तुझें । तुजचि पुढां ॥ ३४ ॥
आतां पुसेन जें मी कांही । तेथ निकें चित्त देईं । तेवींचि देवें कोपावें ना कांही । बोला एका ॥ ३५ ॥
तरी मागील जे वार्ता । तुवां सांगितली होती अनंता । ते नावेक मज चित्ता । मानेचिना ॥ ३६ ॥
जे तो विवस्वतु म्हणजे कायी । ऐसें हें वडिलां ठाऊवें नाहीं । तरी तुवांचि केवीं पाहीं । उपदेशिला ॥ ३७ ॥
तो तरी आइकिजे बहुतां काळांचा । आणि तूं तंव कृष्ण सांपेचा । म्हणोनि गा इये मातुचा । विसंवादु ॥ ३८ ॥
तेवींचि देवा चरित्र तुझें । आपण कांही काय जाणिजे । हें लटिके केवीं म्हणिजे । एकिहेळां ॥ ३९ ॥
परी हेचि मातु आघवी । मी परियेसें तैशी सांगावी । जे तुवांचि तया रवीं केवीं । उपदेशु केला ॥ ४० ॥

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī
Hindi(4.32) तब अर्जुन ने कहा - हे श्री हरि! सुनिए। माता अपने बालक पर स्नेह करती है, तो हे कृपानिधे उसमें क्या आश्चर्य है?
(4.33) आप संसार से तप्त हुए लोगों के लिए छाया हैं, अनाथ जीवों के लिए माता हैं; वास्तव में हम लोगों को आपकी कृपा ही ने उत्पन्न किया है।
(4.34) हे देव! किसी को यदि एक आध पंगु पुत्र उत्पन्न हो तो उसे आजन्म उसका जंजाल सहना पड़ता है। आपकी श्रेष्ठता आप ही के सामने क्या बखानी जाय।
(4.35) अब जो कुछ मैं पूछता हूँ उस पर ध्यान दीजिए और हे देव! उस बात पर क्रोध न कीजिए।
(4.36) हे अनन्त! आपने जो पुरातन वार्ता कही वह क्षण भर भी मेरे चित्त में नहीं जमती। (4.37) क्योंकि वह विवस्वत कौन था सो बूढ़े भी नहीं जानते, तो उसे आपने कहाँ और कब उपदेश किया?
(4.38) वह तो बहुत पुरातन सुनो जाता है, और आप श्रीकृष्ण तो साम्प्रतकाल के हैं! इसलिए इस बात में विरोध मालूम होता है।
(4.39) तथापि हे देव! आपका चरित्र हम कुछ भी नहीं जानते, आपकी बात को हम एकदम मिथ्या क्योंकर कह दें?
(4.40) अतएव यह सब बात इस तरह बताइए कि मेरी समझ में आ जाय। क्या आपने उसे सूर्य को उपदेश किया था?

Sri Udiya Baba · Modern
Hindiसंगति— भगवान् की ये बातें सुनकर अर्जुन को शंका हुई कि कृष्ण बहुत झूठा है यह तो वसुदेवजी का पुत्र है और कहता है कि मैंने यह सूर्य को सुनाया था, अतः वह कहने लगा।
भावार्थ— अर्जुन ने कहा— आपका जन्म तो पीछे हुआ है और सूर्य पहले उत्पन्न हुआ था। अतः यह बात मैं कैसे समझूँ कि आरम्भ में तुमने यह ज्ञान कहा था।
व्याख्या— प्रश्न— इससे तो यह जान पड़ता है कि अर्जुन को यह ज्ञान नहीं था कि ये भगवान् हैं, नहीं तो वह ऐसा प्रश्न क्यों करता?
उत्तर— अर्जुन को उनकी भगवत्ता का पता तो था, परन्तु उसे स्पष्ट कराने के लिये वह अज्ञानी बन गया। बिना अज्ञानी बने प्रश्न भी तो नहीं होता।
Swami Ramsukhdas · Modern
Hindi'अपरं भवतो जन्म परं जन्म विवस्वतः'—आपका जन्म तो अभी कुछ वर्ष पूर्व श्रीवसुदेवजीके घर हुआ है, पर सूर्यका जन्म सृष्टिके आरम्भमें हुआ था। अतः आपने सूर्यको कर्मयोग कैसे कहा था?
अर्जुनके इस प्रश्नमें तर्क या आक्षेप नहीं है, प्रत्युत जिज्ञासा है। वे भगवान्के जन्म-सम्बन्धी रहस्यको सुगमतापूर्वक समझनेकी दृष्टिसे ही प्रश्न करते हैं; क्योंकि अपने जन्म-सम्बन्धी रहस्यको प्रकट करनेमें भगवान् ही सर्वथा समर्थ हैं।
'कथमेतद्विजानीयां त्वमादौ प्रोक्तवानिति'—मैं आपको सृष्टिके आदिमें उपदेश देनेवाला कैसे जानूँ?
अर्जुनके प्रश्नका तात्पर्य यह है कि सूर्यको उपदेश देनेके बादसे सूर्यवंशकी (मनु, इक्ष्वाकु आदि) कई पीढ़ियाँ बीत चुकी हैं और आपका अवतार अभीका है; अतः आपने सृष्टिके आदिमें सूर्यको उपदेश कैसे दिया था—यह बात मैं अच्छी तरह समझना चाहता हूँ। सूर्य तो अभी भी है, इसलिये उसे अभी भी उपदेश दिया जा सकता है। परन्तु आपने सूर्यको उपदेश देनेके बाद सूर्यवंशकी परम्पराका भी वर्णन किया है, जिससे यह सिद्ध होता है कि आपने सूर्यको उपदेश अभी नहीं दिया है। अतः आपने सूर्यको कल्पके आदिमें कैसे उपदेश दिया था?
सम्बन्ध—अर्जुनके प्रश्नके उत्तरमें अपना अवतार-रहस्य प्रकट करनेके लिये भगवान् पहले अपनी सर्वज्ञताका दिग्दर्शन कराते हैं।
श्रीभगवानुवाच
The sun-god Vivasvān had duly received the Bhagavad-Gita from Lord Krishna 120 million years previously; yet he was Arjuna's contemporary; so an explanation of this anomalous anachronism is being requested.
One may question - what is the purpose to ask this from one who is aware of Lord Krishna's supreme position for it is known that even saintly and noble souls remember events from previous incarnations.
Also before, when the Pāṇḍava king Yudhisṭhīra performed the Rājasūya ceremony, the grandsire Bhīshma was heard to say that Lord Krishna alone is the origin of all created beings and the beginning and the end of all movable and immovable beings.
So the reason Arjuna asked such a question was to get clarification presented in an exposition on the meaning of avatars or Lord Krishna's authorised incarnations in the Vedic scriptures and answer these questions:
1) Are avatars real or illusory?
2) Under what circumstances do avatars manifest?
3) What is the nature of the body the avatar assumes?
4) Are all the avatars expanding from Lord Krishna?
5) Are all the avatars omniscient, omnipotent and omnipresent?
6) Are all avatars transcendental to the cycle of birth and death?
7) Are all avatars able to fulfil all desires?
8) What is the time schedule which avatars manifest themselves?
This was the purpose of this question so Lord Krishna would give an expose on these topics.