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Bhagavad Gītā · Chapter 4 · Jñāna Karma Sannyāsa Yoga

एवं ज्ञात्वा कृतं कर्म पूर्वैरपि मुमुक्षुभिः

कुरु कर्मैव तस्मात्त्वं पूर्वैः पूर्वतरं कृतम्

४.१५

evaṃ jñātvā kṛtaṃ karma pūrvairapi mumukṣubhiḥ|

kuru karmaiva tasmāttvaṃ pūrvaiḥ pūrvataraṃ kṛtam||

Recitation coming soon

Word meanings

पूर्वैः = by the ancients

मुमुक्षुभिः = by seekers of liberation

अपि = also

एवम् = thus

ज्ञात्वा = having known

कर्म = action

कृतम् = was performed

तस्मात् = therefore

त्वम् = you

पूर्वैः = by the forefathers

पूर्वतरम् = from ancient times

कृतम् = performed

कर्म = action

एव = indeed

कुरु = do / perform

Translation

Having known thus, action was performed even by the ancient seekers for liberation; a therefore, you also perform such action as have been performed by the ancients from the beginning of time

Commentary

The commentators seated around this verse

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Portrait of Rāmānuja

Rāmānuja · Viśiṣṭādvaita

English

Understanding Lord Krishna as delineated in the previous verses did the ancient seers and sages perform Vedic activities dedicated to Him and thus achieved mokṣa or liberation from material existence.

He is encouraging Arjuna to perform karma yoga or prescribed Vedic activities as the ancients such as Vivasvān and Manu performed it in knowledge of Him.

Portrait of Madhvācārya

Madhvācārya · Dvaita

SanskritEnglish

On verses 4.14–4.16

“अत एव न मां कमाणिलिम्पान्ति | इतच्च न लिम्पान्ति इत्याह न मे कर्मफले स्पृहा | इच्छा मात्रं त्वस्ति | न तु तत्राभिमानिवेशः | तच्चोक्तम् – आकाङ्क्षन्नपि देवोसी नेच्छते लोकवत् परः | नक्ष्याग्रहस्तस्य विष्णोर्ज्ञानं कामो हि तस्य तु || इति न च्छीति कर्मेण सर्वमुक्तिः | तथाहि श्रुतिः – ज्ञात्वा तमेनमनसा हृदा च भूयो | न मृत्युमुपयति विद्वानिति कथं वा | इत्यनन्ता इत्यनन्तवदिति होवाच || इति ||” - Sri Krishna says that actions do not bind Him since he does not have craving for the fruits of His actions. But there is desire (for the good of the people), which is not craving (similar to those of human beings). Therefore it is said even though the Supreme Being has interest in the fruits of His action, he has no craving like human beings. There is no intensity in such desires. The knowledge of the Lord removes misconception; even his desires do not turn to be cravings. Not that people attain liberation progressively, in which case in course of time all would attain liberation. Therefore it is said, Knowing Your Self through mind and heart, death does not come to the wise. How could this come about? Because, even as the Jiva is अनन्त, without end so the Time is also अनन्त, without end.

“एवं ज्ञात्वा कर्मकरणे आचारोऽप्यस्ति इत्याह एवम् इति | पूर्वतरं कर्म पूर्वभावीत्यर्थः ||” – In the previous verse, he said, perform your Actions. Since the advise was not clear, he speaks here in detail, what constitutes Action. “कर्म कुरु” इत्युक्तम् | तस्य कर्मणो दुर्जयत्वमाह सम्यग् वक्तुम् किं कर्म इति |” – having spoken about performance of action, Sri Krishna now clarifies the nature of actions.

Portrait of Jñāneśvar

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī

English

On verses 4.14–4.15

14 "Actions cling not unto Me (as) there is no yearning in Me for the fruit of actions. He who thus recognises Me, is not fettered in actions. 15 Thus knowing, even the Ancients, seeking liberation, took to action. Do thou therefore just take to action, which has been performed by the Ancients (and by their predecessors), in (ancient and) still remote ancient days. (81)

Although all this ordered life emanated from Me, yet I was not the author of it; and take it that those that have fully realised this truth are free from the touch of worldly action and they have reached the stage of emancipation. Former seekers of divine life (striving after final emancipation) devoted themselves to action knowing this my original divine essence, O Dhanurdhara. Just see, as burnt seed can never germinate, in the same way, motiveless actions free from attachment (on their part) become the cause of their emancipation. There is one thing more to be specially remembered and it is that a right-minded seeker after truth ought never to consider this question of action or inaction according to his sweet choice and pleasure.

Swami Ramsukhdas · Modern

English

[The Lord here, concludes the topic of the divine character of actions, which He began in the ninth verse.]

'Evam jñātvā kṛtam karma pūrvalrapi mumukṣubhiḥ'—Arjuna was a seeker of liberation (salvation), but he did not think that the performance of his duty (of fighting) would lead him to salvation. So he wanted to renounce the duty, as to him it was horrible (Gītā 3/1). Therefore, Lord Kṛṣṇa urges Arjuna to attain salvation, through performing his duty, and cited the example of ancient seekers of liberation, who attained salvation by performing their duty.

The Lord, is emphasizing the same fact here, which He mentioned, in the twentieth verse of the third chapter, by citing the example of Janaka and others, and, in the first and second verses of this chapter, by citing examples of Vivasvān, Manu and Ikṣvāku etc.

It is mentioned in the scriptures, that when desire for liberation is aroused in a striver, he should abandon actions, because in that case, he becomes eligible to attain knowledge (wisdom), rather than to perform actions.* But here, He urges Arjuna, a seeker of liberation, to perform his duty in a disinterested manner, and cites the example of other ancient seekers of liberation.

Karmayoga (Discipline of Action) consists, in remaining established in Yoga (union with God) while performing duty, and in performing duty while remaining firm in Yoga. Actions are performed for the world, while Yoga (union with God) is for one's own self. Performance of actions and non-performance of actions, are two states. A Yogī, transcends the two, without

* Actions should be performed so long as a striver does not develop dispassion or has no reverence to listen to My (God's) life-history (Śrīmadbhāgavata 11/20/9).

being attached to either of the two. This Yoga is detachment incarnate. This is not a state. It is God-realization.

The Lord, in the fourteenth verse, declared, 'Actions do not taint (bind) Me, since I have no craving for the fruit of actions.' A person, who having known this skill (Karmayoga) performs actions, by renouncing the desire for fruit, is not bound by actions, as the Lord declares, 'He who is attached to the fruit of action, is bound' (Gītā 5/12). Actions, which a man performs, in order to gain pleasures or wealth or honour and praise or paradise etc., bind him (Gītā 3/9). But, if he performs actions, for the well being of others, without any selfish motive, to renounce his affinity for the world, the actions do not bind him (Gītā 4/23). The reason is, that when actions are performed for others, the flow is towards the world and thus attachment for them perishes. No new affinity for them is born, because there is no desire for the fruit.

'Kuru karmaiva tasmāttvam pūrvalh pūrvataram kṛtam'—The Lord orders Arjuna to perform actions, for the welfare of the world, like other seekers of liberation, because he is also a seeker of liberation.

All the mundane materials, such as, the body, senses, mind and intellect etc., required for the performance of actions, have their identity with the world, while they are different from the self. They have been acquired from the world, so that service to the world may be rendered, with them. If they are used by a person in performing actions for himself, he gets attached to those actions, but if all actions are performed for the welfare of others, he is not attached to them. As soon as, this attachment is renounced, he realizes his Yoga i.e., union with God, which is eternal.

**Appendix**—In the thirteenth and fourteenth verses the Lord declared, 'I perform actions such as the creation of the universe etc., but those actions don't bind Me because I am free from

the sense of doership and the desire of fruit.” Here the Lord declares that the seekers of salvation have also performed actions by renouncing the sense of doership and the desire for fruit. The reason is that actions performed with the sense of doership and with the desire for fruit alone lead to bondage. Therefore the Lord asks Arjuna to perform actions in the same way as the seekers of salvation have performed.

In Jñānayoga first there is renunciation of the sense of doership and then the desire for fruit automatically disappears. In Karmayoga first there is renunciation of the desire for fruit and then the sense of doership easily get extinct.

*Link:—In the preceding verse, the Lord explained that having known the divine character of actions, the ancient seekers of liberation performed actions. Now, the Lord in the next verse, starts the topic of, knowing the truth about action.*

Portrait of Ādi Śaṅkarācārya

Ādi Śaṅkarācārya · Advaita

Sanskrit

एवं ज्ञात्वा कृतं कर्म पूर्वैः अपि अतिक्रान्तैः मुमुक्षुभिः । कुरु तेन कर्मैव त्वम्, न तूष्णीमासनं नापि सन्न्यासः कर्तव्यः, तस्मात् त्वं पूर्वैरपि अनुष्ठितत्वात्, यदि अनात्मज्ञः त्वं तदा आत्मशुद्ध्यर्थम्, तत्त्वविच्चेत् लोकसङ्ग्रहार्थं पूर्वैः जनकादिभिः पूर्वतरं कृतं न अधुनातनं कृतं निर्वर्तितम् ॥ तत्र कर्म चेत् कर्तव्यं त्वद्वचनादेव करोम्यहम्, किं विशेषितेन ``पूर्वैः पूर्वतरं कृतम्'' इत्युच्यते ; यस्मात् महत् वैषम्यं कर्मणि । कथम् ? --

Portrait of Ādi Śaṅkarācārya

Ādi Śaṅkarācārya · Advaita

Hindi

मैं न तो कर्मोंका कर्ता ही हूँ और न मुझे कर्मफलकी चाहना ही है—

अर्थात् जिन कर्मासे न तो अन्तःकरण ही शुद्ध होता है और न लोकसंग्रह ही होता है, ऐसे आधुनिक (लौकिक) मनुष्योंद्वारा किये जानेवाले कर्म मत कर।

ऐसा समझकर ही पूर्वकालके मुमुक्षु पुरुषोंने भी कर्म किये थे। इसलिये तू भी कर्म ही कर। तेरे लिये चुपचाप बैठ रहना या संन्यास लेना यह दोनों ही कर्तव्य नहीं है।

क्योंकि पूर्वजोंने भी कर्मका आचरण किया है, इसलिये यदि तू आत्मज्ञानी नहीं है तब तो अन्तःकरणकी शुद्धिके लिये और यदि तत्त्वज्ञानी है तो लोकसंग्रहके लिये जनकादि पूर्वजोंद्वारा सदासे किये हुए (प्रकारसे ही) कर्म कर, नये ढंगसे किये जानेवाले कर्म मत कर

Portrait of Jñāneśvar

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī

Marathi

मागील मुमुक्षु जे होते । तिहीं ऐशियाचि जाणोनि मातें । कर्मे केलीं समस्तें । धर्नुधरा ॥ ८२ ॥

परी तें बीजें जैसीं दग्धलीं । नुगवतीचि पेरलीं । तैशीं कर्मेंचि परि तयां जाहली । मोक्षहेतु ॥ ८३ ॥

एथ आणिकही एक अर्जुना । हे कर्माकर्मविवंचना । आपुलिये चाडे सज्ञाना । योग्य नोहे ॥ ८४ ॥

Portrait of Jñāneśvar

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī

Hindi

(4.82) हे धनुर्धर! पूर्व में जो मुमुक्षु थे उन्होंने मुझे इस प्रकार जानकर ही सम्पूर्ण कर्म किया है।

(4.83) जैसे भुना हुआ बीज बोने से कभी नहीं उगता वैसे ही कर्म उन मुमुक्षुओं के लिए मोक्ष का कारण हुआ है।

(4.84) हे अर्जुन! इसमें एक बात और है कि समझदार मनुष्य को कर्माकर्म का विचार अपने इच्छानुसार करना योग्य नहीं है।

Portrait of Sri Udiya Baba

Sri Udiya Baba · Modern

Hindi

भावार्थ— पहले जो जनकादि मुमुक्षु हुए हैं उन्होंने ऐसा जानकर ही कर्म किये थे। अतः तुम अपने पूर्व पुरुषों से भी पहले हुए पुरुषों के किये हुए कर्म का ही आचरण करो।

व्याख्या— मुमुक्षु' शब्द से यहाँ प्रेमी भक्त अभिप्रेत नहीं है, उसे तो ज्ञानमिश्रा भक्तियुक्त समझना चाहिये। तथा 'कर्म' शब्द से निष्काम कर्म और निष्काम उपासना दोनों ग्रहण करने चाहिये। जीव अपने कर्मों के अनुसार जन्म लेता है और भगवान् उन भक्तों के लिये अवतार धारण करते हैं। इसलिये वे कर्मों से नहीं बँधते। कर्मों की गति बड़ी गहन है, इसीलिये यहाँ कर्मानुष्ठान पर जोर डाला गया है। 'ज्ञात्वा' शब्द से यहाँ शास्त्रज्ञान समझना चाहिये, तत्त्वज्ञान नहीं। इसी से भगवान् कहते हैं कि अन्तःकरण की शुद्धि के लिये निष्काम कर्म करो।

Swami Ramsukhdas · Modern

Hindi

[नवें श्लोकमें भगवान्ने अपने कर्मोंकी दिव्यताका जो प्रसंग आरम्भ किया था, उसका यहाँ उपसंहार करते हैं।]

'एवं ज्ञात्वा कृतं कर्म पूर्वैरपि मुमुक्षुभिः'—अर्जुन मुमुक्षु थे अर्थात् अपना कल्याण चाहते थे। परन्तु युद्धरूपसे प्राप्त अपने कर्तव्य-कर्मको करनेमें उन्हें अपना कल्याण नहीं दीखता, प्रत्युत वे उसको घोर-कर्म समझकर उसका त्याग करना चाहते हैं (गीता—तीसरे अध्यायका पहला श्लोक)। इसलिये भगवान् अर्जुनको पूर्वकालके मुमुक्षु पुरुषोंका उदाहरण देते हैं कि उन्होंने भी अपने-अपने कर्तव्य-कर्मोंका पालन करके कल्याणकी प्राप्ति की है, इसलिये तुम्हें भी उनकी तरह अपने कर्तव्यका पालन करना चाहिये।

तीसरे अध्यायके बीसवें श्लोकमें जनकादिका उदाहरण देकर तथा इसी (चौथे) अध्यायके पहले-दूसरे श्लोकोंमें विवस्वान्, मनु, इक्ष्वाकु आदिका उदाहरण देकर भगवान्ने जो बात कही थी, वही बात इस श्लोकमें भी कह रहे हैं।

शास्त्रोंमें ऐसी प्रसिद्धि है कि मुमुक्षा जाग्रत् होनेपर कर्मोंका स्वरूपसे त्याग कर देना चाहिये; क्योंकि मुमुक्षाके बाद मनुष्य कर्मका अधिकारी नहीं होता; प्रत्युत ज्ञानका अधिकारी हो जाता है। परन्तु यहाँ भगवान् कहते हैं कि मुमुक्षुओंने भी कर्मयोगका तत्त्व जानकर कर्म किये हैं। इसलिये मुमुक्षा जाग्रत् होनेपर भी अपने कर्तव्य-कर्मोंका त्याग नहीं करना चाहिये, प्रत्युत निष्कामभावपूर्वक कर्तव्य-कर्म करते रहना चाहिये।

कर्मयोगका तत्त्व है—कर्म करते हुए योगमें स्थित रहना और योगमें स्थित रहते हुए कर्म करना। कर्म संसारके लिये और योग अपने लिये होता है। कर्मोंको करना और न करना—दोनों अवस्थाएँ हैं। अतः प्रवृत्ति (कर्म करना) और निवृत्ति (कर्म न करना)—दोनों ही प्रवृत्ति (कर्म करना) है। प्रवृत्ति और निवृत्ति—दोनोंसे ऊँचा उठ जाना योग है, जो पूर्ण निवृत्ति है। पूर्ण निवृत्ति कोई अवस्था नहीं है।

१-इसको गीताने 'चेष्टा' भी कहा है—'सदृशं चेष्टते' (३।३३)।

२-तावत् कर्माणि कुर्वीत न निर्विद्येत यावता। मत्कथाश्रवणादौ वा श्रद्धा यावन् जायते॥

(श्रीमद्भा० ११।२०।९)

'तभीतक कर्म करने चाहिये, जबतक वैराग्य न हो जाय अथवा जबतक मेरी (भगवान्की) कथाके श्रवण आदिमें श्रद्धा उत्पन्न न हो जाय।'

चौदहवें श्लोकमें भगवान्ने कहा कि कर्मफलमें मेरी स्मूहा नहीं है, इसलिये मुझे कर्म नहीं बाँधते। जो मनुष्य कर्म करनेकी इस विद्या-(कर्मयोग-) को जानकर फलेच्छाका त्याग करके कर्म करता है, वह भी कर्मोंसे नहीं बँधता; कारण कि फलेच्छासे ही मनुष्य बँधता है—‘फले सक्तो निबध्यते’ (गीता ५।१२)। अगर मनुष्य अपने सुखभोगके लिये अथवा धन, मान, बड़ाई, स्वर्ग आदिकी प्राप्तिके लिये कर्म करता है तो वे कर्म उसे बाँध देते हैं (गीता—तीसरे अध्यायका नवाँ श्लोक)। परन्तु यदि उसका लक्ष्य उत्पत्ति-विनाशशील संसार नहीं है, प्रत्युत वह संसारसे सम्बन्ध-विच्छेद करनेके लिये निःस्वार्थ सेवा-भावसे केवल दूसरोंके हितके लिये कर्म करता है, तो वे कर्म उसे बाँधते नहीं (गीता—चौथे अध्यायका तेईसवाँ श्लोक)। कारण कि दूसरोंके लिये कर्म करनेसे कर्मोंका प्रवाह संसारकी तरफ

हो जाता है, जिससे कर्मोंका सम्बन्ध (राग) मिट जाता है और फलेच्छा न रहनेसे नया सम्बन्ध पैदा नहीं होता।

‘कुरु कर्मैव तस्मात्त्वं पूर्वैः पूर्वतरं कृतम्’—इन पदोंसे भगवान् अर्जुनको आज्ञा दे रहे हैं कि तू मुमुक्षु है, इसलिये जैसे पहले अन्य मुमुक्षुओंने लोकहितार्थ कर्म किये हैं, ऐसे ही तू भी संसारके हितके लिये कर्म कर।

शरीर, इन्द्रियाँ, मन आदि कर्मकी सब सामग्री अपनेसे भिन्न तथा संसारसे अभिन्न है। वह संसारकी है और संसारकी सेवाके लिये ही मिली है। उसे अपनी मानकर अपने लिये कर्म करनेसे कर्मोंका सम्बन्ध अपने साथ हो जाता है। जब सम्पूर्ण कर्म केवल दूसरोंके हितके लिये किये जाते हैं, तब कर्मोंका सम्बन्ध हमारे साथ नहीं रहता। कर्मोंसे सर्वथा सम्बन्ध-विच्छेद होनेपर ‘योग’ अर्थात् परमात्माके साथ हमारे नित्यसिद्ध सम्बन्धका अनुभव हो जाता है, जो कि पहलेसे ही है।

**परिशिष्ट भाव**—तेरहवें-चौदहवें श्लोकोंमें भगवान्ने बताया कि कर्तृत्वाभिमान और फलेच्छासे रहित होकर सृष्टि-रचना आदि कर्म करनेके कारण वे कर्म मुझे नहीं बाँधते। यहाँ भगवान् कहते हैं कि मुमुक्षुओंने भी इसी तरह कर्तृत्वाभिमान और फलेच्छाका त्याग करके कर्म किये हैं। कारण कि कर्तृत्वाभिमान और फलेच्छा होनेपर ही कर्म बन्धनकारक होते हैं। इसलिये तू भी उसी प्रकारसे कर्म कर।

ज्ञानयोगमें पहले कर्तृत्वाभिमानका त्याग किया जाता है, फिर फलेच्छाका त्याग स्वतः होता है। कर्मयोगमें पहले फलेच्छाका त्याग किया जाता है, फिर कर्तृत्वाभिमानका त्याग सुगमतासे हो जाता है।

सम्बन्ध—पूर्वश्लोकमें ‘एवं ज्ञात्वा कृतं कर्म’ पदोंसे कर्मोंको जाननेकी बात कही गयी थी। अब भगवान् आगेके श्लोकसे कर्मोंको ‘तत्त्व’ से जाननेके लिये प्रकरण आरम्भ करते हैं।

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