Bhagavad Gītā · Chapter 13 · Kṣetra Kṣetrajña Vibhāga Yoga
प्रकृत्यैव च कर्माणि क्रियमाणानि सर्वशः
यः पश्यति तथाऽऽत्मानमकर्तारं स पश्यति
॥ १३.२९ ॥
prakṛtyaiva ca karmāṇi kriyamāṇāni sarvaśaḥ|yaḥ paśyati tathā''tmānamakartāraṃ sa paśyati||
Word meanings
यः = who
कर्माणि = actions
सर्वशः = in every way
प्रकृत्या = by prakṛti
एव = indeed
क्रियमाणानि = being performed
पश्यति = sees
तथा = and
आत्मानम् = the self
अकर्तारम् = a non-doer
पश्यति = sees
सः, च = and he
Translation
And he alone really sees, whoseesallactions being performed in every way by Prakrtialone, 2 and the Self as the non-doer. (29) Ol PASS: fies
Commentary
The commentators seated around this verse

Rāmānuja · Viśiṣṭādvaita
English
Madhvācārya · Dvaita
Madhva BhāṣyaSanskritEnglish“आत्मानम् चाकर्तारं पश्यति स पश्यति |” - He who perceives the self (Jiva) to be the non-performer, he perceives the Lord.

Madhvācārya · Dvaita
Gītā Tātparya NirṇayaSanskritEnglish“प्रकृत्य स्वयमेव प्रारभ्य विष्णुना क्रियमाणानि | विष्णोर्नान्यः पूर्वप्रेरक इति | पूर्वं तु वादरायणो हेतुय्यपदेशात् इति भगवद्वचनात् || द्रव्यं कर्म च कालश्च स्वभावो जीव एव च | यदातुगुहः सन्ति न सन्ति यदुपेक्षया || च |” After undergoing the effect of one's own previous actions, Sri Vishnu causes the actions to be performed by us. But Sri Vishnu has not to deal with the effect of past actions. “Badarayana having already earlier taught the purpose” and also ‘elements, actions and Time’, thus having said.
“स्वयं प्रकृत्य भगवान् करोति निखिलं जगत् | नैव कर्ता हरेः कश्चिदकर्ता तेन केशवः || इति स्कन्दे | तेनेति प्रस्तुतत्वादेव सिद्धम् | अहं सर्वस्य प्रभवः। स हि कर्ता, कर्तारमीशं पुरुषं ब्रह्मयोनिम्, जन्माद्यस्य यतः मत्त एवेति तान् विद्धि | इत्यादिसकलप्रमाणविरोधश्चान्यथा | प्रकृत्यैव च इति च शब्दाच्च तेनैव सिद्धयति || प्रकृतेन क्रियायोगं च शब्दः क्वचिदीरयेत् | क्वचित् समुच्चयो वृयाद् क्वचिद् दौर्लभ्यवाचकः || इति शब्दनिर्णय ||” - Out of manifestation alone the Resplendent Lord creates the entire World. No one else is the creator of Sri Hari; hence He is known as the a-karta, thus in Skanda Puraana. ‘I alone have manifested in all this’. ‘He alone is the one who performs’. ‘I am the Lord of all creation the Person, the progenitor of Brahma’. ‘from whom all this is born’. ‘Know all this to be from Me alone’ also having said thus variously earlier. In प्रकृत्यैव च इति च the adjective च establishes all to be from Him alone. “In some cases the use of cha is used to show additional performer and sometimes to show the association, sometimes as the form of weakness ” thus, in Shabda Nirnaya.
“प्रकृतेः कर्तृत्वं रचनानुपपत्तेश्च नानुमानम् इत्यादिना च निरस्तम् | न ऋते त्वत् क्रियते किञ्चनारे || इति च | केवलप्रकृतेः कर्तृत्वाङ्गीकारे च शब्दो व्यर्थः | तत एव व विस्तारम् | इति वाक्यशेष विरोधश्च | अहं बीजप्रदः पिता इति वक्ष्यमणमत्रापि क्षेत्रक्षेत्रज्ञसंयोगात् || इति प्रकृतमिति तेनापि विरोधः | चेतनं करोतीति स्वोक्तिविरोधश्च | इच्छापूर्वक्रियादानं कर्तृत्वं मुख्यमिरीतम् | इति हि पैङ्गीश्रुतिः | विकारलक्षणं कर्तृत्वं तु प्रकृतेरङ्गीकृतमेव | तथाऽपि लक्ष्मीपरमेश्वरमुक्तचेष्टासु तदभावात् | सर्वशः इत्यर्थः | सङ्कोच प्राप्तिः | अचेतनाश्रितं कर्म विकारात्मकमीरितम् | यत्तु केवलचित्तंस्थं प्रत्यभिज्ञाप्रमाणतः | अविकारात्मकं ज्ञेयं तन्न तत् प्राकृतं भवेत् || इति च ||” - Since, for the inanimate there is no self-motivation as mentioned by Veda Vyas in Brahmasutra, the gross Prakriti cannot be the first cause of the creation, creative instinct to gross Prakriti having been denied. Assuming creative instinct for Prakriti would make the word च inappropriate. The statement, ‘From Him is all this emanation’ would then be contradictory. What has been said earlier – ‘I am the original seed, the Parent’ the same having also been said here, ‘through association of kshetra and kshetrajna’, there would be no contradiction. There is, surely contradiction if one states that the inanimate causes the creation. “Creation with full willingness can alone be said to be the main criterion”, thus in Paingi scripture. Subordinate position for Prakriti, by attaching modifications to the performance of the actions is accepted. Even then Sri Lakshmi and Supreme Lord being Independent of defects in all respects, saying thus would also be improper. It should, however, be accepted that performance of action which is subordinate to the inanimate are subject to modifications. “Only the inanimate (supra-conscious) actions (not being subject to modifications) being ever eternal should be considered as the recognized wisdom”.

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī
English29 *That the (various) acts which are being accomplished, are in everywise accomplished by the 'Prakṛti; who so perceives this, and also perceives the self as really non-agent; he truly perceives.* (1080)
He truly perceives, who realises that the various actions are all performed by Prakṛti, through the agency of the mind, intellect and the organs of actions. (It is) the occupants of a house, that move about in the house, the house itself doing nothing; (so also) the clouds run about in the sky, while the sky itself remains inactive. In that way Prakṛti, enlightened by the soul and with the help of the Gunas, plays all these games, the soul remaining firm like a pillar, in no way knowing the games played by Prakṛti. One, in whom there has arisen the Light of Knowledge of these decisions, has truly perceived the theory of the soul being the non-agent (know it).
Swami Ramsukhdas · Modern
English'Prakṛtyaiva ca karmāṇi kriyamāṇāni sarvaśaḥ'—In fact, the self or the Absolute, is equanimous, tranquil and devoid of modifications, while His potency, prakṛti, is full of activities. Though prakṛti is also said to be devoid of activity, at the time of dissolution, yet on reflection, it becomes clear that it starts its activity in subtle form, towards the creation, at that time, also. That subtle activity, is known as non-activity, because in that state, there is no activity of the creation of the universe. From the beginning of the creation, to its middle, prakṛti moves towards creation, while after its middle, it starts moving towards dissolution. If prakṛti is said to be inactive, during dissolution and final dissolution, how can there be beginning, middle and end of dissolution, and final dissolution? It means, that activity goes on in subtle form, even during dissolution. During a state
of creation, there is more activity, while during the state of dissolution, there is less activity.
The sun rises in the morning. Its light increases from morning to noon, and decreases, from noon to evening. From evening to midnight, it grows darker, while from midnight to morning, darkness decreases. Actually the juncture of light and darkness is noon, and midnight, nor morning and evening. Thus the process of light and darkness, goes on continuously. Similarly, Prakṛti undergoes activity, during creation as well as dissolution, new creation, as well as, final dissolution.*
When a man (Spirit) identifies himself, with active prakṛti, the activities performed by the body seems to him, to be his own activities.
‘Yaḥ paśyati tathātmānamakartāram sa paśyati’—All the actions, such as eating, drinking, walking, moving, rising, sitting, sleeping, waking, meditating and trance etc., which go on in the gross, subtle and causal bodies, are performed by prakṛti, not by the self, because the self is without action. He who intuits this reality, realizes that he himself, is a non-doer.
Here, the activities are said to be performed by Prakṛti, while in other verses, they are said to be performed by the modes of Prakṛti, or by senses. These statements, though apparently different, are basically the same. Prakṛti is the cause of guṇas and senses. Guṇas are the evolutes of prakṛti and senses are the evolutes of guṇas. So all actions performed by prakṛti or guṇas (Modes of Prakṛti) or senses are performed, by Prakṛti.
Appendix—All actions are performed by Prakṛti, not by the Self. In the Gītā the actions, performed by ‘Prakṛti’, have been described in several ways such as—actions performed by the modes of nature and actions performed by senses etc., as all actions are performed by the modes of nature—‘prakṛteḥ
* The duration of the new creation is measured by the sun. But at the time of final dissolution when even the sun is merged, time is measured by the only means, the eternal, imperishable Lord.
kriyamāṇāni guṇaḥ karmāṇi sarvaśaḥ' (3/27); the modes are acting on the modes—'guṇā guṇeṣu vartante' (3/28); there is no doer other than the modes—'nānyaṁ guṇebhyaḥ kartāraṁ yadā draṣṭānupaśyati' (14/19); Senses move among the Sense-objects—'indriyāṇindriyārtheṣu vartante' (5/9) etc. It means that all actions are performed by 'Prakṛti' only. Therefore Prakṛti is never inactive in the least, while in the Self there is never any activity in the least. Therefore in the Gītā, it is mentioned that the Sāṅkhyayogī, who knows the truth, believes that he does nothing at all—'naiva kiñcitkaromīti yukto manyeta tattvavit' (5/8); he neither acts himself nor causes others to act—'naiva kurvanna kārayan' (5/13); the Self in spite of dwelling in the body neither acts nor is tainted—'śarīrastho'pi kaunteya na karoti na lipyate' (13/31); he who assumes the Self as the doer, that man of perverse understanding does not see right because his mind is impure (untrained)—'tatraivaṁ sati kartāramātmānaṁ...' (18/16) etc.

Ādi Śaṅkarācārya · Advaita
Sanskritप्रकृत्या प्रकृतिः भगवतः माया त्रिगुणात्मिका, ``मायां तु प्रकृतिं विद्यात्'' (श्वे. उ. ४-१०) इति मन्त्रवर्णात्, तया प्रकृत्यैव च न अन्येन महदादिकार्यकारणाकारपरिणतया कर्माणि वाङ्मनःकायारभ्याणि क्रियमाणानि निर्वर्त्यमानानि सर्वशः सर्वप्रकारैः यः पश्यति उपलभते, तथा आत्मानं क्षेत्रज्ञं अकर्तारं सर्वोपाधिविवर्जितं सः पश्यति, सः परमार्थदर्शी इत्यभिप्रायः; निर्गुणस्य अकर्तुः निर्विशेषस्य आकाशस्येव भेदे प्रमाणानुपपत्तिः इत्यर्थः ॥ पुनरपि तदेव सम्यग्दर्शनं शब्दान्तरेण प्रपञ्चयति --

Ādi Śaṅkarācārya · Advaita
Hindiयहाँ पृथ्वीपर अग्नि जलानेका निषेध करना तो इसलिये अयुक्त है कि यदि पृथ्वीपर अग्नि न जलायी जाय तो कहाँ जलायी जाय? और अन्तरिक्षमें जलानेका निषेध इसलिये ठीक नहीं कि वहाँ तो वह जलायी ही नहीं जा सकती।
यह जो कहा कि ईश्वरको सब भूतोंमें सम भावसे स्थित देखता हुआ पुरुष, आत्माद्वारा आत्माका नाश नहीं करता, यह युक्तिसङ्गत नहीं है; क्योंकि अपने गुण और कर्मोंकी विलक्षणतासे विभिन्न हुए जीवोंमें इस प्रकार देखना नहीं बन सकता, ऐसी शंका करके कहते हैं—
'मायाको प्रकृति समझना चाहिये' इत्यादि मन्त्रोंके अनुसार भगवान्की त्रिगुणात्मिका मायाका नाम प्रकृति है, जो कि महत्त्व आदि कार्य-करणके आकारमें परिणत है; उस प्रकृतिद्वारा ही मन, वाणी और शरीरसे होनेवाले सारे कर्म, सब प्रकारसे सम्पादन किये जाते हैं; अन्य किसीसे नहीं, इस प्रकार जो देखता है ।
तथा आत्माको—क्षेत्रज्ञको जो समस्त उपाधियोंसे रहित अकर्ता देखता है, वही देखता है अर्थात् वही परमार्थदर्शी है; क्योंकि आकाशकी भाँति निर्गुण और विशेषतारहित अकर्ता आत्मामें, भेदभावका होना प्रमाणित नहीं हो सकता । यह अभिप्राय है

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī
Marathiआणि मनोबुद्धिप्रमुखें । कर्मेंद्रियें अशेखें । करी प्रकृतीचि हें देखे । साच जो गा ॥ १०८० ॥ घरींचीं राहटती घरीं । घर कांहीं न करी । अभ्र धांवे अंबरीं । अंबर तें उगें ॥ १०८१ ॥ तैसी प्रकृति आत्मप्रभा । खेळे गुणीं विविधारंभा । येथ आत्मा तो वोथंबा । नेणे कोण ॥ १०८२ ॥ ऐसेनि येणें निवाडें । जयाच्या जीवीं उजिवडें । अकर्तयातें फुडें । देखिलें तेणें ॥ १०८३ ॥

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī
Hindi(13.1081) जो यह यथार्थतः जानता है कि मन और बुद्धि जिनमें प्रमुख हैं ऐसी ज्ञानेन्द्रियों के और सम्पूर्ण कर्मेन्द्रियों के कर्म प्रकृति ही करती हैं,
(13.1082) घर का लोग घर में काम-काज करते हैं परन्तु घर कुछ नहीं करता, अब आकाश में घूमते हैं परन्तु आकाश स्थिर रहता है
(13.1083) वैसे ही प्रकृति आत्मा के प्रकाश से अनेक कार्य करने के लिए गुणों में विचलित होती है, परन्तु आत्मा आश्रय-स्तम्भ है और कौन कर्म कर रहा है यह नहीं जानता;
(13.1084) (इस प्रकार के निर्णय का जिसके अन्तःकरण में प्रकाश होता है) वह अकर्ता आत्मा को निश्चय से देख चुकता है।

Sri Udiya Baba · Modern
Hindiसंगति— उपर्युक्त दो श्लोकों में तत्त्ववेत्ताओं की उच्च दृष्टि का निरूपण हुआ है। जो इसके अधिकारी नहीं हैं उनके लिए इससे नीची दृष्टि बतलायी जाती है—
भावार्थ— जो आत्मा को अकर्ता तथा सम्पूर्ण कर्मों को प्रकृति के द्वारा किये जाते देखता है वह भी यथार्थ देखता है।
व्याख्या— यहाँ प्रकृति की सत्ता स्वीकार की गयी है, इसलिये यह दृष्टि पूर्वापेक्षा निम्न कोटि की है।
Swami Ramsukhdas · Modern
Hindi'प्रकृत्यैव च कर्माणि क्रियमाणानि सर्वशः'—वास्तवमें चेतन तत्त्व स्वतः-स्वाभाविक निर्विकार, सम और शान्तरूपसे स्थित है। उस चेतन तत्त्व-(परमात्मा-) की शक्ति प्रकृति स्वतः-स्वाभाविक क्रियाशील है। उसमें नित्य-निरन्तर क्रिया होती रहती है—'प्रकर्षेण करणं (भावे ल्युट्) इति प्रकृतिः'। यद्यपि प्रकृतिको सक्रिय और अक्रिय—दो अवस्थाओंवाली (सर्ग-अवस्थामें सक्रिय और प्रलय-अवस्थामें अक्रिय) कहते हैं, तथापि सूक्ष्म विचार करें तो प्रलय-अवस्थामें भी उसकी क्रियाशीलता मिटती नहीं है। कारण कि जब प्रलयका आरम्भ होता है, तब प्रकृति सर्ग-अवस्थाकी तरफ चलती है। इस प्रकार प्रकृतिमें सूक्ष्म क्रिया चलती ही रहती है। प्रकृतिकी सूक्ष्म क्रियाको ही अक्रिय-अवस्था कहते हैं; क्योंकि इस अवस्थामें सृष्टिकी रचना नहीं होती। परन्तु महासर्गमें जब सृष्टिकी रचना होती है, तब सर्गके आरम्भसे सर्गके मध्यतक प्रकृति सर्गकी तरफ चलती है और सर्गका मध्य भाग आनेपर प्रकृति प्रलयकी तरफ चलती है। इस प्रकार प्रकृतिकी स्थूल क्रियाको सक्रिय-अवस्था कहते हैं। अगर प्रलय और महाप्रलयमें प्रकृतिको अक्रिय माना जाय, तो प्रलय-महाप्रलयका आदि, मध्य और अन्त कैसे होगा?
ये तीनों तो प्रकृतिमें सूक्ष्म क्रिया होनेसे ही होते हैं। अतः सर्ग-अवस्थाकी अपेक्षा प्रलय-अवस्थामें अपेक्षाकृत अक्रियता है, सर्वथा अक्रियता नहीं है।
सूर्यका उदय होता है, फिर वह मध्यमें आ जाता है और फिर वह अस्त हो जाता है, तो इससे मालूम होता है कि प्रातः सूर्योदय होनेपर प्रकाश मध्याह्नतक बढ़ता जाता है और मध्याह्नसे सूर्यास्ततक प्रकाश घटता जाता है। सूर्यास्त होनेके बाद आधी राततक अन्धकार बढ़ता जाता है और आधी रातसे सूर्योदयतक अन्धकार घटता जाता है। वास्तवमें प्रकाश और अन्धकारकी सूक्ष्म सन्धि मध्याह्न और मध्य-रात ही है, पर वह दीखती है सूर्योदय और सूर्यास्तके समय। इस दृष्टिसे प्रकाश और अन्धकारकी क्रिया मिटती नहीं, प्रत्युत निरन्तर होती ही रहती है। ऐसे ही सर्ग और प्रलय, महासर्ग और महाप्रलयमें भी प्रकृतिमें क्रिया निरन्तर होती ही रहती है*।
इस क्रियाशील प्रकृतिके साथ जब यह पुरुष सम्बन्ध जोड़ लेता है, तब शरीरद्वारा होनेवाली स्वाभाविक क्रियाएँ (तादात्म्यके कारण) अपनेमें प्रतीत होने लगती हैं।
**'यः पश्यति तथात्मानमकर्तारं स पश्यति'**—प्रकृति और उसके कार्य स्थूल, सूक्ष्म और कारण-शरीरमें
* महासर्गमें समयकी गणनाका साधन सूर्य होता है; किन्तु महाप्रलयमें सूर्य भी लीन हो जाता है। अतः महासर्गके कालसे ही महाप्रलयके कालकी गणना आरम्भ हो जाती है। महाप्रलयके कालकी गणनाका एकमात्र साधन नित्य, चेतन, अविनाशी परमात्मतत्त्व ही होता है।
खाना-पीना, चलना-फिरना, उठना-बैठना, घटना-बढ़ना, हिलना-डुलना, सोना-जागना, चिन्तन करना, समाधिस्थ होना आदि जो कुछ भी क्रियाएँ होती हैं, वे सभी प्रकृतिके द्वारा ही होती हैं, स्वयंके द्वारा नहीं; क्योंकि स्वयंमें कोई क्रिया होती ही नहीं—ऐसा जो देखता है अर्थात् अनुभव करता है, वही वास्तवमें ठीक देखता है। कारण कि ऐसा देखनेसे अपनेमें अकर्तृत्व-(अकर्तापन-) का अनुभव हो जाता है।
**परिशिष्ट भाव**—जितनी भी क्रियाएँ होती हैं, वे सब-की-सब प्रकृति-विभागमें ही होती हैं। इसमें जीवका हाथ नहीं है। प्रकृतिके द्वारा होनेवाली क्रियाओंको ही गीतामें कहीं 'गुणोंसे होनेवाली क्रियाएँ' और कहीं 'इन्द्रियोंसे होनेवाली क्रियाएँ' कहा गया है; जैसे—सम्पूर्ण कर्म सब प्रकारसे प्रकृतिके गुणोंद्वारा किये जाते हैं—'**प्रकृतेः क्रियमाणानि गुणैः कर्माणि सर्वशः**' (३।२७); गुण ही गुणोंमें बरत रहे हैं—'**गुणा गुणेषु वर्तन्ते**' (३।२८); गुणोंके सिवाय अन्य कोई कर्ता है ही नहीं—'**नान्यं गुणेभ्यः कर्तारं यदा द्रष्टानुपश्यति**' (१४।१९); इन्द्रियाँ ही इन्द्रियोंके विषयोंमें बरत रही हैं—'**इन्द्रियाणीन्द्रियार्थेषु वर्तन्ते**' (५।९) आदि। तात्पर्य है कि क्रियामात्र प्रकृतिजन्य ही है। अतः प्रकृति कभी किंचिन्मात्र भी अक्रिय नहीं होती और पुरुषमें कभी किंचिन्मात्र भी क्रिया नहीं होती। इसलिये गीतामें आया है कि तत्त्वको जाननेवाला सांख्ययोगी 'मैं (स्वयं) लेशमात्र भी कुछ नहीं करता हूँ'—ऐसा अनुभव करता है—'**नैव किंचित्करोमीति युक्तो मन्वेत तत्त्ववित्**' (५।८); स्वयं न करता है, न करवाता है—'**नैव कुर्वन् कारयन्**' (५।१३); यह पुरुष शरीरमें रहता हुआ भी न करता है, न लिप्त होता है—'**शरीरस्थोऽपि कौन्तेय न करोति न लिप्यते**' (१३।३१); जो आत्माको कर्ता मानता है, वह दुर्मति ठीक नहीं समझता; क्योंकि उसकी बुद्धि शुद्ध नहीं है—'**तत्रैव सति कर्तारमात्मानं...**' (१८।१६) आदि।
Lord Krishna reveals that one who truly perceives, understands that all actions proceed from the agency of prakṛti or the material substratum that pervades physical existence.
One perceives that for creating effects and instruments insentient prakṛti is the cause.
One perceives that the ātma or immortal soul, although sentient, is not the doer.
One perceives that tamas or ignorance in the shape of karma or reactions to actions is the reason for forced confinement in the material existence,
the terms and conditions of the confinement and the experiences of pleasure and pain in correlation with the duration of the confinement.
One who comprehends all these truly perceives reality.