गीताGitaDeep

Bhagavad Gītā · Chapter 17 · Śraddhātraya Vibhāga Yoga

अफलाकाङ्क्षिभिर्यज्ञो विधिदृष्टो य इज्यते

यष्टव्यमेवेति मनः समाधाय स सात्त्विकः

१७.११

aphalākāṅkṣibhiryajño vidhidṛṣṭo ya ijyate|yaṣṭavyameveti manaḥ samādhāya sa sāttvikaḥ||

Recitation coming soon

Word meanings

यष्टव्यम्, एव = thinking it must indeed be sacrificed

इति = thus

अफलाकाङ्क्षिभिः = by those without desire for fruit

मनः = the mind

यः = who

समाधाय = having fixed the mind

विधिदृष्टः = ordained by scriptural rule

यज्ञः = sacrifice

इज्यते = is offered

सः = that

सात्त्विकः = sattvic

Translation

The sacrifice which is offered, as ordained by scriptural injunctions, by men who expect no return and who believe that such sacrifices must be performed, is Sattvika in character.

Commentary

The commentators seated around this verse

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Portrait of Rāmānuja

Rāmānuja · Viśiṣṭādvaita

English

Lord Krishna explains the three fold nature of yajña or performing rituals of propitiation and worship. He begins with sattva guṇa the mode of goodness.

The words aphalā-kāṅkṣibhiḥ means performing yajña to the Supreme Lord without a desire for any reward.

Vidhi dṛṣṭa means performing it in accordance with the ordinances and injunctions of the Vedic scriptures.

Yaṣṭavyam eveti means performed as a matter of duty or as bhakti, exclusive loving devotion unto the Supreme Lord Krishna or any of His authorised avatars or incarnations and expansions as revealed in Vedic scriptures.

Such yajñas must be performed by duly initiated Vaiṣṇavas and brāhmaṇas chanting prescribed Vedic mantras for the exclusive satisfaction of the Supreme Lord.

When such a resolve manifests a yajña into reality in this manner, it is to be known as situated in sattva guṇa.

Portrait of Madhvācārya

Madhvācārya · Dvaita

SanskritEnglish

On verses 17.11–17.13

“यागातु राजसात् स्वर्गः सांकपिकः उदाहृतः | लोकः स दीनदेवानां सनाम्नां वासवादिभिः | विष्णावश्रद्धयाऽयोग्यकामाश्चैषां पुनर्भवेत् | नरकं च विना यज्ञं राजसा नरलोकगाः || निशिद्धं कर्मकुर्युश्चेदीयुस्ते नरकं ध्रुवम् | कदाचित् साच्चिकाः कुर्युः कर्म राजसतामसम् | अन्येऽन्यच्च तथाऽप्येषां स्थितिः स्वाभाविकी पुनः | स्वं स्वं कर्म तु सर्वेषां सदैव स्यान्महत्फलम् | अन्यदल्पफलं चैव बाहुल्यं तेषु लक्षणम् || इति पादमे ||” - By performing only sacrifices, the symbolic heavens are attained. This place is the habitation of the jivas who are similar to Indra and other gods who had fallen from their position. Since they were not receptive to Sri Vishnu or their desires exceeded their capabilities they attain such worlds but not the nether world. But those who perform energetic sacrifices and those who perform works which are prohibited will attain the eternal nether world without any doubt. They are often saatviks whose action are a mixture of both raajasik and taamasik. Others also perform actions which are not in consonance with their nature falling back to their natural attributes. Performance of their work according their respective natural attributes alone brings them better fruits. Performing actions contrary to their attributes brings lesser fruit. That which brings more fruit should be considered as their natural attribute, thus in Padma Purana..

Portrait of Jñāneśvar

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī

English

11 “The sacrifice which is performed as shown by precept by those not yearning for its fruit, with the mind at peace, and (in the faith,) that the sacrifice has to be performed (for its own sake); that (sacrifice) is Sattva-dominated. (171)

Not to allow the least germination or growth of any desire for anyone else but her own dear husband is the natural bent of mind of a loyal wife: the holy Ganges, once it joins the seas does not flow further: or once the Supreme Self is discerned, the Vedas (their function being completed) come to a standstill: in any of these ways they (Sāttvics) dedicate all their mind to attaining their goal, dropping all egotism for the fruit. A water-flow once it reaches the bottom of a tree, does not recede, but gets absorbed there only (fostering the growth of that tree without expecting any return). In that way those that get absorbed in sacrifices, keeping firm faith in them, and with the body and the mind devoted to them without expecting in the least any return,—any sacrifices performed by such ones after dropping, and remaining detached from, all desires for fruit or any other thing but their own religion (duty), are the best performed in all ways and also according to the enjoined forms. One should view his own eyes in a mirror, or should behold in the light of a lamp a gem placed on his own palm, or should discern his intended way with (the light of) the rise of the Sun; in that way were one to study the injunctions of the Vedas with firm faith and assemble all equipment such as receptacles (कुंडे), temporary sheds (मंडप), altars (वेदी), as also other materials necessary for a sacrifice and arrange them methodically in their proper order and place (in the way) as different ornaments should be properly worn on the respective limbs,—in what ways and terms to extol the greatness of such a thing? It is as if the very Goddess of sacrificial lore, bedecked all over with ornaments, has appeared in the form (disguise) of sacrifice. Such a sacrifice, perfect in all ways and not germinating and issuing forth any blossom in the form of desires for any fruit—such a sacrifice, free from motive and fruit, is performed in the way a person (constructs and) maintains a canal for watering the bed of Tulsi plants even though (he knows) he cannot get (by way of return) any flowers, fruit or shade out of it. Such a sacrifice should be known as Sāttvic Sacrifice.

Swami Ramsukhdas · Modern

English

'Yaṣṭavyameveti'—Being blessed with human body a man, becomes eligible to perform the sacrifice according to his caste and social order, with a firm belief, that it is his duty to do so, and he should not expect any reward, either here or hereafter. The terms 'eva' (only), and 'Iti' (thus), have been used, to emphasize the fact, that it is his duty and it must be done. He should, have no other consideration, except performance of duty, for duty's sake.

'Aphalākāṅkṣibhiḥ'— A man, expects no reward, either here or hereafter, for sacrifice, which he offers.

'Yajño vidhidṛṣṭo ya ijyate'—The sacrifice, should be offered, according to the ordinance of scriptures.

If he expects no reward, then why should he perform a sacrifice? The Lord, answers 'Manaḥ samādhāya (mind having

reconciled), i.e., it is his duty, to perform it.

What is Sāttvika Sacrifice?

The term 'yaṣṭavyam'*, denotes that sacrifices should be offered, as a duty. When a man offers sacrifice having desire of gaining honour, praise and riches here, and heaven and luxuries, in the next birth, he is attached to the sacrifice. But if he performs it, without any kind of reward, his affinity with it is renounced and (in absence of selfishness and pride), his ego is purified.

In it there is a vital point, that when a doer performs an action, he gets affinity with it. An action, is in the image of a doer viz., as is the doer, so is his action. The Lord, in the third verse of this chapter, declares, 'As is a man's faith, so is he' and he acts according to his faith. It means, that as affinity of a doer with an action remains, there is every possibility of his getting into bondage. But if he performs an act, as a matter of duty without having any attachment for it, his affinity is renounced and he gets liberated. How is an action to be performed, only for duty's sake? A person, has to do nothing for himself. He should have no affinity, with any object, time and place etc. He should perform his duty, according to the need of the hour. Thus, he will not desire to reap the fruit of action, and will not be bound.

On the other hand, attachment leads him, to bondage. It is declared in the Gītā—'The Yogīs (men of action) perform actions, only with their senses, mind, intellect and body, abandoning attachment' (5/11). It means, that a Karmayogī, should not have any affinity with body, senses and mind. It also implies, that he should not have any affinity, with the ladle, the place and materials for oblation.

Sacrifice, and its fruit, both have a beginning and an end, they appear and disappear, while the soul is imperishable and

* Duty is the action which should be performed, which is according to one's capacity and by which the aim is achieved.

eternal. But, he (the soul) assumes his affinity with actions, and their fruits. Until he renounces this affinity, he gets entangled, in the cycle of birth and death (Gītā 5/12).

Sattvaguṇa, enables a man to renounce his affinity with the world, and leads him to God-realization, therefore, it is called as 'Sat' or transcendental.* All the qualities of the divine nature are Sāttvika. But a person possessing divine nature realizes God, only when he transcends the three guṇas (modes of nature).

Portrait of Ādi Śaṅkarācārya

Ādi Śaṅkarācārya · Advaita

Sanskrit

अफल-आकाङ्क्षिभिः अफल-अर्थिभिः यज्ञः विधि-दृष्टः शास्त्र-चोदना-दृष्टः यः यज्ञः इज्यते निर्वर्त्यते, यष्टव्यं एव इति यज्ञ-स्वरूप-निर्वर्तनं एव कार्यं इति मनः समाधाय, न अनेन पुरुषार्थः मम कर्तव्यः इति एवं निश्चित्य, सः सात्त्विकः यज्ञः उच्यते ॥

Portrait of Ādi Śaṅkarācārya

Ādi Śaṅkarācārya · Advaita

Hindi

अब तीन प्रकारके यज्ञ बतलाये जाते हैं—

फलकी इच्छा न करनेवाले पुरुषोद्धार, शास्त्रविधिसे नियत किये हुए जिस यज्ञका अनुष्ठान किया जाता है, तथा 'यज्ञ करना ही यानी यज्ञके स्वरूपका सम्पादन करना ही कर्तव्य है' इस प्रकार मनका समाधान करके अर्थात् 'इससे मुझे कोई पुरुषार्थ सिद्ध नहीं करना है' ऐसा निश्चय करके जो यज्ञ किया जाता है, वह सात्त्विक कहलाता है

Portrait of Jñāneśvar

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī

Marathi

तरी एकु प्रियोत्तमु-/ । वांचोनि वाढों नेदी कामु । जैसा का मनोधर्मु । पतिव्रतेचा ॥ १७१ ॥ नाना सिंधूतें ठाकोनि गंगा । पुढारां न करीचि रिगा । का आत्मा देखोनि उगा । वेदु ठेला ॥ १७२ ॥ तैसें जे आपुल्या स्वहितीं । वेंचूनियां चित्तवृत्ती । नुरवितीचि अहंकृती । फळालागीं ॥ १७३ ॥ पातलेया झाडाचें मूळ । मागुतें सरों नेणेंचि जळ । जिरालें गां केवळ । तयाच्याचि आंगीं ॥ १७४ ॥ तैसें मनें देहीं । यजननिश्चयाच्या ठायीं । हारपोनि जें कांहीं । वांछितीना ॥ १७५ ॥ तिहीं फळवांच्छात्यागीं । स्वधर्मावांचूनि विरागीं । कीजे तो यज्ञु सर्वांगीं । अळंकृतु ॥ १७६ ॥ परी आरिसा आपणपें । डोळां जैसें घेपें । कां तळहातींचें दीपें । रत्न पाहिजे ॥ १७७ ॥ नाना उदितें दिवाकरें । गमावा मार्गु दिठी भरे । तैसा वेदु निर्धारें । देखोनियां ॥ १७८ ॥ तियें कुंडें मंडप वेदी । आणीकही संभारसमृद्धी । ते मेळवणी जैसी विधी । आपणपां केली ॥ १७९ ॥ सकळावयव उचितें । लेणीं पातलीं जैसीं आंगातें । तैसे पदार्थ जेथिंचे तेथें । विनियोगुनी ॥ १८० ॥ काय वानूं बहुतीं बोलीं । जैसी सर्वाभरणीं भरली । ते यज्ञविद्याचि रूपा आली । यजनमिषें ॥ १८१ ॥ तैसा सांगोपांगु । निफजे जो यागु । नुठऊनियां लागु । महत्त्वाचा ॥ १८२ ॥ प्रतिपाळु तरी पाटाचा । झाडीं कीजे तुळसीचा । परी फळा फुला छायेचा । आश्रयो नाहीं ॥ १८३ ॥ किंबहुना फळाशेवीण । ऐसेया निगुती निर्माण । होय तो यागु जाण । सात्त्विकु गा ॥ १८४ ॥

Portrait of Jñāneśvar

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī

Hindi

(17.171) पतिव्रता के मन में जैसे अपने एक प्रिय पति के अतिरिक्त किसी अन्य पुरुष के विषय में काम नहीं उत्पन्न होता,

(17.172) अथवा गंगा जैसे समुद्र का पहुँच कर फिर आगे प्रवेश नहीं करती, अथवा वेद जैसे आत्मा का देख कर चुपचाप हो रहते हैं, (17.173) वैसे दी जो अपने निज के हित के विषय में सम्पूर्ण चित्तवृत्ति लगा कर उसके फल के लिए अहंकार शेष नहीं रख छोड़ते,

(17.174) वृक्ष के मूल तक पहुँचा हुआ जल जैसे पीछे लौटना नहीं जानता, किन्तु केवल वृक्ष में ही साख जाता है,

(17.175) वैसे ही मन से और शरीर से जो यजन-निश्चय में ही मग्न हो और किसी बात की इच्छा नहीं करते,

(17.176) वे याज्ञिक स्वधर्म का छोड़ अन्य विषयों से विरक्त हो, फलेच्छा-त्याग-पूर्वक जिस सर्वांगसुन्दर यज्ञ का यजन करते हैं,

(17.177) और जैसे दर्पण के द्वारा अपना स्वरूप देखा जाता है, अथवा हथेली का रत्न दीपक द्वारा देखा जाता है,

(17.178) अथवा जिस मार्ग से चलना है वह सूर्य उदय होने पर स्पष्ट दिखाई देता है, वैसे ही वेदों का निर्णय देख कर

(17.179) कुण्ड, मण्डप, बेदी और अन्य सामग्री ऐसी जमाते हैं मानों स्वयं वेदों ने ही रची हो,

(17.180) जैसे शरीर के सब अवयवों में उचित अलंकार पहने जायें वैसे ही जिस यज्ञ में सब पदार्थ जहाँ के तहाँ योग्य प्रबन्ध से रक्खे जाते हैं, (17.181) बहुत क्या वर्णन करें, जैसे सकल अलंकारों से युक्त यज्ञविद्या ही यजन के मिस से मूर्तिमती हो आई हो

(17.182) ऐसा अंग और उपांगों-सहित और प्रतिष्ठा की इच्छा के बिना जो यज्ञ किया जाता है,

(17.183) सब पेड़ों में जैसे तुलसी के पेड़ का प्रतिपाल अच्छी तरह किया जाता है परन्तु उससे न फल का न फूल का आसरा रहता है,

(17.184) बहुत क्या कहें, इस प्रकार से फलाशा के बिना जो यज्ञ रचा जाता है उसे सात्विक यज्ञ कहते हैं।

Portrait of Sri Udiya Baba

Sri Udiya Baba · Modern

Hindi

संगति— अब तीन श्लोकों में तीन प्रकार के यज्ञ बतलाते हैं—

भावार्थ— फल की इच्छा न करने वाले पुरुषों के द्वारा यज्ञ करना कर्तव्य है—ऐसा निश्चय करके जो शास्त्रविधि से किया जाय वह यज्ञ सात्विक है।

Swami Ramsukhdas · Modern

Hindi

‘यष्टव्यमेवेति’—जब मनुष्य-शरीर मिल गया और अपना कर्तव्य करनेका अधिकार भी प्राप्त हो गया, तो अपने वर्ण-आश्रममें शास्त्रकी आज्ञाके अनुसार यज्ञ करनामात्र मेरा कर्तव्य है। ‘एव इति’—ये दो अव्यय लगानेका तात्पर्य है कि इसके सिवाय दूसरा कोई भाव न रखे अर्थात् इस यज्ञसे लोकमें और परलोकमें मेरेको क्या मिलेगा? इससे मेरेको क्या लाभ होगा?—ऐसा भाव भी न रहे, केवल कर्तव्यमात्र रहे।

जब उससे कुछ मिलनेकी आशा ही नहीं रखनी है, तो फिर (फलेच्छाका त्याग करके) यज्ञ करनेकी जरूरत ही क्या है?—इसके उत्तरमें भगवान् कहते हैं—‘मनः समाधाय’ अर्थात् ‘यज्ञ करना हमारा कर्तव्य है’ ऐसे मनको समाधान करके यज्ञ करना चाहिये।

‘अफलाकाङ्क्षिभिः’—मनुष्य फलकी इच्छा रखनेवाला न हो अर्थात् लोक-परलोकमें मेरेको इस यज्ञका अमुक फल मिले—ऐसा भाव रखनेवाला न हो।

‘यज्ञो विधिदृष्टो य इज्यते’—शास्त्रोंमें विधिके विषयमें जैसी आज्ञा दी गयी है, उसके अनुसार ही यज्ञ किया जाय। इस प्रकारसे जो यज्ञ किया जाता है, वह सात्त्विक होता है—‘स सात्त्विकः।’

सात्त्विकताका तात्पर्य

सात्त्विकताका क्या तात्पर्य होता है? अब इसपर थोड़ा विचार करें। ‘यष्टव्यम्’*—‘यज्ञ करनामात्र कर्तव्य है’—ऐसा जब उद्देश्य रहता है, तब उस यज्ञके साथ अपना सम्बन्ध नहीं जुड़ता। परन्तु जब कर्तामें ‘वर्तमानमें मान,

आदर, सत्कार आदि मिलें, मरनेके बाद स्वर्गादि लोक मिलें तथा आगेके जन्ममें धनादि पदार्थ मिलें’—इस प्रकारकी इच्छाएँ होंगी, तब उसका उस यज्ञके साथ सम्बन्ध जुड़ जायगा। तात्पर्य है कि फलकी इच्छा रखनेसे ही यज्ञके साथ सम्बन्ध जुड़ता है। केवल कर्तव्यमात्रका पालन करनेसे उससे सम्बन्ध नहीं जुड़ता, प्रत्युत उससे सम्बन्ध-विच्छेद हो जाता है और (स्वार्थ तथा अभिमान न रहनेसे) कर्ताकी अहंता शुद्ध हो जाती है।

इसमें एक बड़ी मार्मिक बात है कि कुछ भी कर्म करनेमें कर्ताका कर्मके साथ सम्बन्ध रहता है। कर्म कर्तासे अलग नहीं होता। कर्म कर्ताका ही चित्र होता है अर्थात् जैसा कर्ता होगा, वैसे ही कर्म होंगे। इसी अध्यायके तीसरे श्लोकमें भगवान्ने कहा है—‘यो यच्छ्रद्धः स एव सः’ अर्थात् जो जैसी श्रद्धावाला है, वैसा ही उसका स्वरूप होता है और वैसा ही (श्रद्धाके अनुसार) उससे कर्म होता है। तात्पर्य यह है कि कर्ताका कर्मके साथ सम्बन्ध होता है और कर्मके साथ सम्बन्ध होनेसे ही कर्ताका बन्धन होता है। केवल कर्तव्यमात्र समझकर कर्म करनेसे कर्ताका कर्मके साथ सम्बन्ध नहीं रहता अर्थात् कर्ता मुक्त हो जाता है।

केवल कर्तव्यमात्र समझकर कर्म करना क्या है? अपने लिये कुछ नहीं करना है, सामग्रीके साथ मेरा कोई सम्बन्ध नहीं है; मेरा देश, काल आदिसे भी कोई सम्बन्ध नहीं है; केवल मनुष्य होनेके नाते जो कर्तव्य प्राप्त हुआ है, उसको कर देना है—ऐसा भाव होनेसे कर्ता फलाकांक्षी नहीं होगा और कर्मोंका फल कर्ताको बाँधेगा नहीं अर्थात् यज्ञकी क्रिया

* जो करनेयोग्य है, जो अपनी सामर्थ्यके अनुरूप है, जिसे अवश्य करना चाहिये और जिसको करनेसे उद्देश्यकी सिद्धि अवश्य होती है, वह ‘कर्तव्य’ होता है। वही कर्तव्य यज्ञमें ‘यष्टव्य’ और दानमें ‘दातव्य’ है।

और यज्ञके फलके साथ कर्ताका सम्बन्ध नहीं होगा। गीता कहती है—‘कायेन मनसा बुद्ध्या केवलैरिन्द्रियैरपि।’ (५।११) अर्थात् करण (शरीर, इन्द्रियाँ आदि) उपकरण (यज्ञ करनेमें उपयोगी सामग्री) और अधिकरण (स्थान) आदि किसीके भी साथ हमारा सम्बन्ध न हो।

यज्ञकी क्रियाका आरम्भ होता है और समाप्ति होती है। ऐसे ही उसके फलका भी आरम्भ होता है और समाप्ति होती है। क्रिया और फल दोनों उत्पन्न होकर नष्ट होनेवाले हैं और स्वयं (आत्मा) नित्य-निरन्तर रहनेवाला है; परन्तु यह (स्वयं) क्रिया और फलके साथ अपना

सम्बन्ध मान लेता है। इस माने हुए सम्बन्धको यह जबतक नहीं छोड़ता, तबतक यह जन्म-मरणरूप बन्धनमें पड़ा रहता है—‘फले सक्तो निबध्यते’ (गीता ५।१२)।

एक विलक्षण बात है कि गीतामें जो सत्त्वगुण कहा है, वह संसारसे सम्बन्ध-विच्छेद करके परमात्माकी तरफ ले जानेवाला होनेसे ‘सत्’ अर्थात् निर्गुण हो जाता है। देवी-सम्पत्तिमें भी जितने गुण हैं, वे सब सात्त्विक ही हैं। परन्तु देवी-सम्पत्तिवाला तभी परमात्माको प्राप्त होगा, जब वह सत्त्वगुणसे ऊँचा उठ जायगा अर्थात् जब गुणोंके संगसे सर्वथा रहित हो जायगा।

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