Bhagavad Gītā · Chapter 1 · Arjuna Viṣāda Yoga
आचार्याः पितरः पुत्रास्तथैव च पितामहाः
मातुलाः श्वशुराः पौत्राः श्यालाः सम्बन्धिनस्तथा
॥ १.३४ ॥
ācāryāḥ pitaraḥ putrāstathaiva ca pitāmahāḥ|
mātulāḥ śvaśurāḥ pautrāḥ śyālāḥ sambandhinastathā||
Word meanings
for verses 1.34–1.35
आचार्याः^{१} = teachers
पितरः = fathers
पुत्राः = sons
च = and
तथा, एव = and likewise
पितामहाः = grandfathers
मातुलाः = maternal uncles
श्वशुराः = fathers-in-law
पौत्राः = grandsons
श्यालाः = brothers-in-law
तथा = and likewise
सम्बन्धिनः = relatives
छतः = though they were to strike (me)
अपि = even
एतान् = these
हन्तुम् = to kill
न = not
इच्छामि = I wish
मधुसूदन = O Madhusūdana
त्रैलोक्य- = of the three worlds
राज्यस्य = kingdom
हेतोः = for the sake of
अपि = even
नु = then
महीकृते = for the sake of the earth
किम् = what (to speak of)
Translation
Those very persons for whose sake we covet the throne, luxuries and pleasures—teachers, uncles, sons and nephews and even so grand-uncles and great-grand-uncles, maternal uncles, fathers-in-law, grand-nephews, brothers-in-law and other relations—are here arrayed on the battlefield, risking their lives and wealth.
verses 33–34
Commentary
The commentators seated around this verse

Rāmānuja · Viśiṣṭādvaita
EnglishOn verses 1.26–47

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī
EnglishOn verses 1.32–1.34
32 “I desire no victory, O Kṛṣṇa neither kingdom nor pleasures. Of what avail, O Govinda, is the kingdom for us, or the enjoyments, or (even) life?
33 “(Those) for whose sake the kingdom, the enjoyments, and the pleasures would be desired by us; they are here pitted in battle against us, prepared to lay down (their) lives and possessions;
34 “(To wit) preceptors, sires, and sons, no less than grand-sires; maternal uncles, fathers-in-law, grand-sons, brothers-in-law, as also allies by matrimony.” (210)
I do not aspire for victory in this. Of what use would it be to me to acquire the whole kingdom? That I should enjoy happiness after killing all is a thing I do not desire to have. Let all these (kingdom etc.) go to dogs, said Pārtha: I am prepared to suffer any calamity in place of such happiness; I care not even if the life is lost for it. I cannot have it, even in a dream, that I should enjoy the kingdom by destroying them. Just tell me whether it is worth while being born and continue to be living, if I am to contemplate hostility towards elders. All wish to have sons in their families. Is it with the object that they should kill all the Gotrajas? How can we even think to be hard as a stone towards them? On the contrary, good should be done to them if it could be done. Whatever we acquire should be enjoyed by them. Nay this very life should be spent in their cause. Kesava! we should conquer the kings of different countries and keep pleased our entire race. But (look at) the irony of fate! Those very co-Gotrajas have all come here prepared for war, leaving away wives, sons and wealth. How should I kill such as those? Against whom should I wield arms? How should I destroy men as dear to me as my own life? Do you not know who they are? You see yonder, Bhishma and Drona, who have placed us under a debt of obligation. Here are brothers-in law, fathers-in-law, maternal uncles, brethren, relatives and also sons and grand-sons, all appear relations. All these are closely connected and related to us. Even uttering harm to them would be nothing less than sin.
Swami Ramsukhdas · Modern
EnglishOn verses 1.34–1.35
[Lord Kṛṣṇa in the twenty-first verse of the sixteenth chapter, says that passion, anger and greed, these constitute the triple gates to hell. Really these three, are different forms of passion. These are born out of our attachment for worldly things and person. Passion has two sides—to get the desired thing, and to get rid of undesired one. Desired things include accumulation and enjoyment. The desire for, accumulation is known as 'greed' and, desire for enjoyments, is called 'passion.' If desire for accumulation and enjoyment is not satisfied, anger accrues. In anger, men perform actions, to destroy those who create obstacles, in the fulfilment of their desires. It proves, that men fight to get desired things and to get rid of undesired ones. But Arjuna, does not want to fight for either of the two.]
'Ācāryāḥ pitaraḥ...kim nu mahikṛte'—If our kith and kin, being prompted by greed or anger want to slay me, I do not seek to kill them, out of anger or greed, because these two are the gateways to hell.
Here the word 'Api' has been used, two times by Arjuna. It means, first why should they kill me when I do not create any obstacle to their selfish motive? Even then suppose, they slay me, by thinking that I worked as an obstacle to their selfish motive, I do not seek to slay them. Secondly, though there is no possibility for the sovereignty of the three worlds coming to me by killing them, yet, if I get it, I do not seek to slay them.
'Madhusūdana'*—It means that you killed the demons, such as Madhu etc. But these teachers, such as Droṇa etc., and grand-uncles, such as Bhīṣma etc., are not demons, they are our near and dear ones. So, why should I have a desire to kill them?
* Lord Kṛṣṇa is called Madhusūdana because he killed the demon named Madhu.
'Ācāryāḥ'—I should serve respected and benevolent teachers, such as Droṇa etc., rather than fight them. It is appropriate on our part, even to sacrifice out lives at their feet.
'Pitarāḥ'—How can we slay our uncles (fathers), out of anger or greed, when we have got this body linked with them?
'Putrāḥ'—It is our duty to bring up our sons and our brother's sons, even though they may stand against us or act badly.
'Pitāmahāḥ'—When our grand-uncles are worthy of adoration, as our father, they deserve still greater adoration, from us. Though, they may rebuke and punish us, yet we should not cause any suffering to them, we should rather serve them and give comfort to them.
'Mātulāḥ'—Our maternal uncles, being the brothers of our mothers, who rear us, deserve adoration from us.
'Śvaśurāḥ'—These fathers-in-law, are the father to my wife and my brother's wives. They are just like fathers to us. So how can I slay them?
'Pautrāḥ'—We should bring up our grandsons, in a better way, than our sons, rather than kill them.
'Śyālāḥ'—How can we slay the loving brothers of our wives?
'Sambandhinaḥ'—I should serve and bring up all the relatives, rather than kill them. It is improper on our part, to kill them, even for the sovereignty of the three worlds.
*Link:—Now Arjuna justifies his intention, not to slay his kith and kin, even from a point of view of consequences.*

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī
Marathiहे नेणसी तूं कवण । परी पैल भीष्म द्रोण । जयांचे उपकार असाधारण । आम्हां बहुत ॥ २२२ ॥
एथ शालक सासरे मातुळ । आणी बंधु कीं हें सकळ । पुत्र नातू केवळ । इष्टही असती ॥ २२३ ॥
अवधारीं अति जवळिकेचे । हे सकळही सोयरे आमुचे । म्हणोनि दोष आथि वाचे । बोलतांचि ॥ २२४ ॥

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī
Hindi(1.222) आप नहीं जानते, ये कौन-कौन है? उस ओर भीष्म-द्रोण हैं, जिनके हम पर अनेक असाधारण उपकार हैं।
(1.223) इस ओर साले, श्वसुर, मातुल और ये सब भ्राता, पुत्र, नाती और इष्ट खड़े हैं।
(1.224) सुनिए, ये सब हमारे अत्यन्त ही पास के सगे सहोदरे हैं। इसलिए इनके वध की बात मुँह पर लाना भी पाप है।

Sri Udiya Baba · Modern
HindiOn verses 1.33–1.34
जिनके लिये हम राज्य भोग और सुखों की इच्छा रखते थे ये आचार्य, चाचा-ताऊ, पुत्र, पितामह, मामा, ससुर, पोते, साले
तथा अन्यान्य सम्बन्धी प्राण और धन की आशा त्याग कर युद्धस्थल में उपस्थित हैं।
Swami Ramsukhdas · Modern
HindiOn verses 1.34–1.35
[भगवान् आगे सोलहवें अध्यायके इक्कीसवें श्लोकमें कहेंगे कि काम, क्रोध और लोभ—ये तीनों ही नरकके द्वार हैं। वास्तवमें एक कामके ही ये तीन रूप हैं। ये तीनों सांसारिक वस्तुओं, व्यक्तियों आदिको महत्त्व देनेसे पैदा होते हैं। काम अर्थात् कामनाकी दो तरहकी क्रियाएँ होती हैं—इष्टकी प्राप्ति और अनिष्टकी निवृत्ति। इनमेंसे इष्टकी प्राप्ति भी दो तरहकी होती है—संग्रह करना और सुख भोगना। संग्रहकी इच्छाका नाम 'लोभ' है और सुखभोगकी इच्छाका नाम 'काम' है। अनिष्टकी निवृत्तिमें बाधा पड़नेपर 'क्रोध' आता है अर्थात् भोगोंकी, संग्रहकी प्राप्तिमें बाधा देनेवालोंपर अथवा हमारा अनिष्ट करनेवालोंपर, हमारे शरीरका नाश करनेवालोंपर क्रोध आता है, जिससे अनिष्ट करनेवालोंका नाश करनेकी क्रिया होती है। इससे सिद्ध हुआ कि युद्धमें मनुष्यकी दो तरहसे ही प्रवृत्ति होती है—अनिष्टकी निवृत्तिके लिये अर्थात् अपने 'क्रोध' को सफल बनानेके लिये और इष्टकी प्राप्तिके लिये अर्थात् 'लोभ' की पूर्तिके लिये। परन्तु अर्जुन यहाँ इन दोनों ही बातोंका निषेध कर रहे हैं। ]
**'आचार्याः पितरः ... किं नु महीकृते'**—अगर हमारे ये कुटुम्बीजन अपनी अनिष्ट-निवृत्तिके लिये क्रोधमें आकर मेरेपर प्रहार करके मेरा वध भी करना चाहें, तो भी मैं
अपनी अनिष्ट-निवृत्तिके लिये क्रोधमें आकर इनको मारना नहीं चाहता। अगर ये अपनी इष्टप्राप्तिके लिये राज्यके लोभमें आकर मेरेको मारना चाहें, तो भी मैं अपनी इष्ट-प्राप्तिके लिये लोभमें आकर इनको मारना नहीं चाहता। तात्पर्य यह हुआ कि क्रोध और लोभमें आकर मेरेको नरकोंका दरवाजा मोल नहीं लेना है।
यहाँ दो बार 'अपि' पदका प्रयोग करनेमें अर्जुनका आशय यह है कि मैं इनके स्वार्थमें बाधा ही नहीं देता तो ये मुझे मारेंगे ही क्यों? पर मान लो कि 'पहले इसने हमारे स्वार्थमें बाधा दी है' ऐसे विचारसे ये मेरे शरीरका नाश करनेमें प्रवृत्त हो जायें, तो भी (छतोऽपि) मैं इनको मारना नहीं चाहता। दूसरी बात, इनको मारनेसे मुझे त्रिलोकीका राज्य मिल जाय, यह तो सम्भावना ही नहीं है, पर मान लो कि इनको मारनेसे मुझे त्रिलोकीका राज्य मिलता हो, तो भी (अपि त्रैलोक्यराज्यस्य हेतोः) मैं इनको मारना नहीं चाहता।
**'मधुसूदन'** सम्बोधनका तात्पर्य है कि आप तो दैत्योंको मारनेवाले हैं, पर ये द्रोण आदि आचार्य और भीष्म आदि पितामह दैत्य थोड़े ही हैं, जिससे मैं इनको मारनेकी इच्छा करूँ? ये तो हमारे अत्यन्त नजदीकके खास सम्बन्धी हैं।
**'आचार्याः'**—इन कुटुम्बियोंमें जिन द्रोणाचार्य आदिसे
१-छब्बीसवें श्लोकमें 'पितृनथ पितामहान् ...' कहकर सबसे पहले पिताओं और पितामहोंका नाम लिया गया है, और यहाँ 'आचार्याः पितरः...' कहकर सबसे पहले आचार्योंका नाम लिया गया है। इसका तात्पर्य है कि वहाँ तो कौटुम्बिक स्नेहकी मुख्यता है, इसलिये वहाँ पिताका नाम सबसे पहले लिया है; और यहाँ न मारनेका विषय चल रहा है, इसलिये यहाँ सबसे पहले आदरणीय पूज्य आचार्यों—गुरुजनोंका नाम लिया है, जो कि जीवके परम हितैषी होते हैं।
२-'मधु' नामक दैत्यको मारनेके कारण भगवान्का नाम 'मधुसूदन' पड़ा था।
हमारा विद्याका, हितका सम्बन्ध है, ऐसे पूज्य आचार्योंकी मेरेको सेवा करनी चाहिये कि उनके साथ लड़ाई करनी चाहिये? आचार्यके चरणोंमें तो अपने-आपको, अपने प्राणोंको भी समर्पित कर देना चाहिये। यही हमारे लिये उचित है।
‘पितरः’—शरीरके सम्बन्धको लेकर जो पितालोग हैं, उनका ही तो रूप यह हमारा शरीर है। शरीरसे उनके स्वरूप होकर हम क्रोध या लोभमें आकर अपने उन पिताओंको कैसे मारें?
‘पुत्राः’—हमारे और हमारे भाइयोंके जो पुत्र हैं, वे तो सर्वथा पालन करनेयोग्य हैं। वे हमारे विपरीत कोई क्रिया भी कर बैठें, तो भी उनका पालन करना ही हमारा धर्म है।
‘पितामहाः’—ऐसे ही जो पितामह हैं, वे जब हमारे पिताजीके भी पूज्य हैं, तब हमारे लिये तो परमपूज्य हैं ही। वे हमारी ताड़ना कर सकते हैं, हमें मार भी सकते हैं। पर हमारी तो ऐसी ही चेष्टा होनी चाहिये, जिससे उनको किसी तरहका दुःख न हो, कष्ट न हो, प्रत्युत
उनको सुख हो, आराम हो, उनकी सेवा हो।
‘मातुलाः’—हमारे जो मामालोग हैं, वे हमारा पालन-पोषण करनेवाली माताओंके ही भाई हैं। अतः वे माताओंके समान ही पूज्य होने चाहिये।
‘श्वशुराः’—ये जो हमारे ससुर हैं, ये मेरी और मेरे भाइयोंकी पत्नियोंके पूज्य पिताजी हैं। अतः ये हमारे लिये भी पिताके ही तुल्य हैं। इनको मैं कैसे मारना चाहूँ?
‘पौत्राः’—हमारे पुत्रोंके जो पुत्र हैं, वे तो पुत्रोंसे भी अधिक पालन-पोषण करनेयोग्य हैं।
‘श्यालाः’—हमारे जो साले हैं, वे भी हमलोगोंकी पत्नियोंके प्यारे भैया हैं। उनको भी कैसे मारा जाय!
‘सम्बन्धिनः’—ये जितने सम्बन्धी दीख रहे हैं और इनके अतिरिक्त जितने भी सम्बन्धी हैं, उनका पालन-पोषण, सेवा करनी चाहिये कि उनको मारना चाहिये? इनको मारनेसे अगर हमें त्रिलोकीका राज्य भी मिल जाय, तो भी क्या इनको मारना उचित है? इनको मारना तो सर्वथा अनुचित है।
सम्बन्ध—पूर्वश्लोकमें अर्जुनने स्वजनोंको न मारनेमें दो हेतु बताये। अब परिणामकी दृष्टिसे भी स्वजनोंको न मारना सिद्ध करते हैं।
निहत्य धार्तराष्ट्रान्नः का प्रीतिः स्याज्जनार्दनः।
Sanjaya frankly speaks to Dhritarāṣṭra at this time saying that Arjuna, who is the most noble minded, the most compassionate, the eternal well-wisher and the most virtuous;
although frequently fraught with difficulties along with his four brothers, instigated by thee and thy son, including horrid acts of treachery against them with intent to kill,
such as attempting to burn them all alive in a specially made house of combustible lac, administering poison and other unworthy deeds as well.
It is surely known to you that by Arjuna the destruction of all your clan is certain due to the fact that he has the support of the Parama Puruṣa, Krishna Himself, by his side.
He felt weak, overcome by his love and extreme compassion for his relatives. He was also filled with fear, not knowing what was Dharma(righteous) and what was Adharma (unrighteous). His mind was distracted by grief at the thought of losing his relatives.
So he cast aside his bow and arrow and sat down on the floor of the chariot as if to fast to the death.