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Bhagavad Gītā · Chapter 12 · Bhakti Yoga

अर्जुन उवाचएवं सततयुक्ता ये भक्तास्त्वां पर्युपासते

येचाप्यक्षरमव्यक्तं तेषां के योगवित्तमाः

१२.१

arjuna uvācaevaṃ satatayuktā ye bhaktāstvāṃ paryupāsate|yecāpyakṣaramavyaktaṃ teṣāṃ ke yogavittamāḥ||

Recitation coming soon

Word meanings

अध्याय = chapter

ये = who

भक्ताः = devotees

एवम् = thus

सततयुक्ताः = constantly engaged

त्वाम् = you

पर्युपासते = worship

= and

ये = who

अक्षरम् = the imperishable

अव्यक्तम् = the unmanifest

अपि = also

तेषाम् = of these

योगवित्तमाः = the best knowers of yoga

के = who

Translation

Arjuna said: The devotees who, with their minds constantly fixed on Youasshownabove adore You as possessed of form and attributes, ( and those who adore as the supreme Reality y K. Vr KL SSS oI ANWR SSE By SRR Qi 0 DOL only the indestructible unmanifest Brahma who is Truth, Knowledge and Bliss solidified) ofthese two types of worshippers who are the best knowers of Yoga? (l

Commentary

The commentators seated around this verse

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Portrait of Rāmānuja

Rāmānuja · Viśiṣṭādvaita

English

There are those devotees who considering You and none other as the supreme goal, worship You in complete dedication —

as one who is the ocean of attributes of limitless excellence like grace, affability, omniscience, accomplished resolves etc., and endowed with all glory.

On the other hand there are those who meditate on the “Imperishable”(Akṣara) —namely, the Ātman in its immaculate state, which is the same as the “Unmanifest”(Avyakta) —which means that it cannot be perceived by the sense organs.

Which of these two categories of devotees have superior knowledge of Yoga? Who would reach their respective goals sooner?”

—Such is the meaning of the question.

Portrait of Madhvācārya

Madhvācārya · Dvaita

Madhva BhāṣyaSanskritEnglish

“श्रियं वसानां अमृतत्वम् आयन् भवन्ति सत्या समिधा मितद्वै इति || अनाद्यनन्त महतः परं ध्रुवं निचाय्य तं मृत्युमुखात् प्रमुच्यते इति च | अव्यक्तं च महतः परम् - महतः परमव्यक्तम् इत्युक्तपरामर्शोपपत्ते || उपास्यतां श्रियमव्यक्तसंज्ञां भक्त्या मर्त्या मुच्यते सर्ववन्धैः || इति सामवेदे अग्निवेश्यशाखायाम् || महत्त्वं माहात्म्यं तस्या वेदेपूच्यते | चतुष्कपदा युवतिः सुपेशा धृतप्रतीका वयुनानि वस्ते | तस्यां सुपर्णा वृषणा नि पेदतुर् यत्र देवा दधिरे भागधेयम् | इति ऋग्वेदेषु च | चतुः शिखंडा युवतिः सुपेशा धृतप्रतीका वयुनानि वस्ते | तस्यां सुपर्णा वृषणा निपेदतुर्यत्र देवा दधिरे भागधेयम् || इति च ||” - All those who worship Sri Lakshmi, the imperishable unmanifest have all their desires fulfilled. But all those who worship the supreme Lord, Brahman, who is superior to the beginningless and eternal Sri Tatva, they are delivered from samsara. avyaktaat param means the great supreme principle - Sri Lakshmi which has been earlier explained. Devotedly worshipping her, the goddess Sri Lakshmi, as unmanifest, the mortal is released from all restraints, thus in Agni section of the Samaveda. Great is the result of the worship in reference to them, thus has been said in Vedas. “The gods who worship the damsel having four-fold braids, ever young, ever content, resplendent and endowed with wealth of wisdom, they are graced by the two fold forms of the Lord-self and the inner self, which are propitious!”, the same as repeated in other scriptures.

“अहं रुद्रेभिर् वसुभिश्च चराम्य अहम् आदित्यैर् उत विश्वदेवैः | इत्यारभय, अहं राष्ट्रां संगमनी वसूनां चिकितुषी प्रथमा यज्ञियानाम् | ताम् मा देवा व्य अदधुः पुरुत्रा भूरिष्टात्राम् भूर्य आविशयन्तीम् | मया सो अन्नम् अति यो विपश्यति यः प णिति य ई श्रुणोत्य उक्तम् | अमन्तवो मां त उप क्षियन्ति श्रुधि श्रुत श्रद्धिवं ते वदामि || यं कामये तं तम उगं कृणोमि तं ब्रह्माणं तम् ऋषिं तं समेधाम् | अहं रुद्राय धनुर् आ तनोमि ब्रह्मद्विषे शरवे हन्तवा उ || अहं सुवे पितरम् अस्य मूर्धन् मम योनिर् अप्यव अ १ न्तः समुद्रे || परो दिवा पर एना पृथिव्या इतावती महिना सम् बभुव || इत्यादि च | त्वया जुष्ट ऋषिर्भवति देवि त्वया ब्रह्मा गतश्रीगुत त्वया || इति च ||” - Having stated “I travel with the Rudras and the Vasus with Adityas and Vishva-devas I wander”, she continues “I am the Queen, the gatherer of treasures, most thoughtful, first of those who merit worship. Thus the gods have established Me in many homes to enter and abide therein. Through Me alone all eat the food that feeds them, each man who sees, breathes, hears the word outspoken. They know it not, but yet they dwell beside Me. Hear, one and all, the Truth as I declare it...I make the man I love exceedingly mighty, make him a sage, a Seer and a Brahman...I bend the bow for Rudra that his arrow may strike and slay the despiser of the devoted...On the world's summit I bring forth the fathers; my home is in the waters, in the ocean...Beyond this wide earth and beyond the heavens, I have become so mighty in my grandeur'. 'O Mother, pleased by you, one becomes a seer; by your (grace) he becomes Brahman wealthy and wise'.

“इति शङ्का कस्यचिद् भवति | अतो जानन्नपि सूक्ष्मयुक्तिज्ञानार्थं पृच्छति - एवम् इति | एवम् शब्देन दृष्टश्रुतरूपं मत्कर्मकृत् इत्यादिप्रकारश्च परामृशते || अव्यक्तम् प्रकृतिः - महतः परमव्यक्तम् | इति प्रयोगात् || यत्तत् त्रिगुणमव्यक्तं नित्यं सदसदात्मकम् | प्रधानं प्रकृतिं प्राहुरविशेषं विशेषवत् || इति च भागवते || अक्षरम् च तत् अक्षरात् परतः परः | इति श्रुतेः | परं तु ब्रह्म नहि भगवतोऽन्यत् - आनन्दमानन्दमयो वसाने सर्वात्मकं ब्रह्मणि वासुदेवे || इति भागवते | रूपं चेदृशं साधितं पुरस्तात् ||” - There arise some doubt to some extent (as to the capacity of Sri Lakshmi to grant deliverance). To clarify the subtle truth and for the sake of knowledge Sri Krishna uses the word एवम्, He needs reassurance since 'he has seen, heard of the divine form' and has further been told that 'His work should be performed'. अव्यक्तम् - the unmanifest is प्रकृति - nature. Since the words used are Great, Supreme, the unmanifest, 'Being the presiding deity of the three modes (satva-raja-tama), unmanifest, Eternal the self of all the creatures is known as pradhaana (the Primal) not born of anyone, Prakriti (nature), every thing is born of her'. She is also akshara, the immutable. The scriptures say 'The Supreme is superior to the immutable'. The Supreme is Brahman himself, none other than the supreme Lord. - 'Being blissful in the end, he comes as Vasudeva, the Brahman of all selves', thus in Bhagavat Puraana. His form and content has been already explained.

“उपासनं च तथैव कार्यम् - सहस्रशीर्षा पुरुषः सहस्राक्षः सहस्रपात् | इत्यारभ्य, तमे वं वि दानमृत इ ह भवति नान्यः पन्था अयनाय विद्यते | इति हि साभ्यासा | अदित्यवर्णत्वादिश्च न वृथोपचारत्वेन अङ्गीकार्यः || तथा च सामवेदे सौकरायणश्रुतिः | स्थाणुहैव प्राजापत्यः | सः प्राजापतिं पितरमेत्योवाच | मुमुक्षुभी राधुभिः पूतपापैः किमुहैव तारकं तारवाच्यम् | ध्यानं च तस्याऽप्लुचेः कथं स्याद् ध्येयश्च कः पुरुषोऽलोमपाद इति | तं होवाच | एष वै विष्णुस्तारकोऽलोमपादो ध्यानं तस्याऽप्लुचेरवदामि | सोऽनन्तशीर्षा बहुवर्णः सुवर्णो ध्येयः स वै लोहितादित्यवर्णः | श्यामोऽथवाहुदये सोऽष्टवाहुरनन्तवीर्योऽनन्तवलः पुराणः || इत्यादि | अरूपत्वादेस्तु गतिरुक्ता | पुरुषभेदश्च प्रश्नादौ प्रतीयते - त्वां पर्युपासते, ये चाप्यक्षरम् | इत्यादौ ||” - Meditation is the recommended as action. Beginning with 'The mani-directioned Purusha, (of) manifold vision and manifold movement' the seeker proceeds learning that 'You, verily, are the wise, the immortal. There is no other path to Him', without accepting adjectives - resplendence like Aditya (the Sun) merely as matter of courtesy, even as when Rudra approached four-faced Brahma, his father and asked, 'Who, verily, is the well-established One, the creator of the Beings, the Lord of the creatures, like father unto them, to the aspirants, to the noble ones the liberator from sins, the ultimate goal? How does one meditate upon him, how can there be any Person, who can be the object of meditation when he has neither feet nor any hair?' Brahma replies, 'He, verily, is Sri Vishnu the liberator as well as the object of meditation of the aspirants. I will now recite the manner in which He is to be meditated. Of innumerable heads, of many colours, of golden hue, ultimate goal He, verily, is shining with reddish resplendence like Aditya (The Sun). He should thus be meditated upon in the heart as the ancient dark-blue Purush, having eight arms, unlimited courage, unlimited strength, the Ancient One”, thus in Samaveda Saukaraayana section. His goal is said to be concealed in formless principle. For venerating Purusha, “Him one should propitiate” as the one - “He who is, verily, the immutable and unmanifest” etc. thus has been spoken.

Portrait of Madhvācārya

Madhvācārya · Dvaita

Gītā Tātparya NirṇayaSanskritEnglish

“श्रिये जातः श्रिय आ निरियाय श्रियं वयो जरितुभ्यो दधाति | श्रियं वसानां अमृतत्वमायन् भवन्ति | उपासिता मुक्तिदा सद्य एव हस्येशाना जगतो विष्णुपत्नी | या श्रीलंक्ष्मीरीपला चाम्बिकेति ह्रीश्चेत्युक्ता संविदग्न्या सुविद्या | इत्यादिश्रुतिभ्यः | श्रीः सुतुष्टा हरेस्तोपं जनयेत् क्षिप्रमेव तु | अतुष्टा तदतुष्टिं च तस्माद् ध्येयैव सा सदा | अत्यक्तं प्रकृतिं प्राहुः कूटस्थं चाक्षरं च ताम् | प्रधानमिति च प्राहुमहापुरुष इत्यपि | तां ब्रह्मा महदित्याहुः परं जीवं परा चितिम् | तस्यास्तु परमो विष्णुर्यो ब्रह्म परमं महत् || इति ब्रह्माण्डवचनाच्चाव्यक्तोपासनोन्मोक्षाशंक्या पृच्छति ||” - “Born of Sri (unmanifest, nature) for propitiation of Sri one leaves one’s abode. For being initiated in the Sri-tatva one approaches a Teacher. Thus those who propitiate her (Sri) attain liberation. The objective of both (the aspirant and the Teacher) is thus fulfilled”, thus in scriptures. “Those who propitiate Sri, the spouse of Sri Vishnu, the controller of the world, also known as Aupala, Ambika, Hri, Agrya, Suvidya, are liberated”. “If Sri is pleased, Sri Hari is also soon pleased; and if she is not pleased then even the Lord is not pleased”. She is known as the unmanifest, Prakriti, nature, also as the abiding one, the immutable, the primal and also as the great Person, mahat-Brahma, supreme Jiva, supreme consciousness. Sri Vishnu is superior to her. Therefore, He is known as supreme mahat-Brahma. Thus, propitiation of the unmanifest having been spoken in Brahmaanda Puraana.

“कूटस्थोऽक्षर उच्यते | इत्युत्तरवचनात् | कूटस्थमचलम् इत्यत्राप्युक्तशब्दश्चित्प्रकृतिवाची | अन्यथा ये त्वां पर्युपासते, ये चाप्यक्षरम्, तेषां के योगवित्तमाः || इति भेदेन प्रश्नानुपपत्तिः || परं ब्रह्म परं धाम पवित्रं परमं भवान् || इति तेनैवोक्तत्वात् || ये तु ते मे युक्ततमा मताः | मय्येव मन आधस्व | इत्यादी भगवतोक्तोऽप्यव्यक्तोपासकानामाधिक्यं वदन्ति ते त्वपलापकत्वादेवा इति | न चलेत् स्वात् पदाद् यस्मादवला श्रीस्ततो मता | इत्याग्नेये | सूक्ष्मत्वादप्रसिद्धत्वाद् गुणवाहुल्यतस्तथा | अनिर्देश्यौ तथाऽव्यक्तावचिन्त्यौ श्रीश्च माधवः || इति नारदीये ||” - For clarification of the means of deliverance, Arjuna asks the question - “That which is abiding within is known as the immutable”. Due to such uncertainty statements the one unmovable abiding within has been spoken by way of clarification as the unmanifest, consciousness, nature. Otherwise, such distinct queries like ‘he who propitiates you’, ‘he who is the immutable’, ‘amongst them which is superior’ would not have been asked. Later Arjuna himself refers to Sri Krishna as the “Supreme Brahman, supreme abode, propitious, You are, verily the Supreme” and Sri Krishna commending by such words - ‘Be equanimous towards Me’. ‘To me alone you devote your mind’. Those who still consider propitiation of the unmanifest to be superior; they are, verily, denying the truth and are audacious in their statements. Therefore, they are to be lamented, thus in Narada Purana..

“अविष्णुज्ञैरतदभक्तैस्तादुपासाविवर्जितैः | शपेदुपास्ताऽप्येषा श्रीस्तास्तद्विरितचवित् | तदभक्तस्तमुपास्येव श्रियं ध्यायीत नित्यदा | तेन तुष्टा तु साऽच्छिदं दद्याद् विष्णोः उपासनम् | ततस्तदृशानामुक्तिं यात्री नात्र संशयः | तथाऽपि सर्वपरमां सर्वदोषविवर्जिताम् | ज्ञात्वा श्रियंतत्परमं तत्पतिं पुरुपोत्तमम् | विज्ञायोपासते नित्यं ते हि युक्ततमा मताः | यतः क्लेशोऽधिकस्तेषां पृथक् श्रियमुपासताम् | विष्णुना सहिताध्याता साऽपि तुष्टिं परां व्रजेत् | अन्यथा तु पुनर्विष्णोः श्रीपतित्वेन चिन्तनम् | अच्छिदमेव कर्तव्यमिति मुक्तिश्चिराद् भवेत् | तस्मादत्कपशतो मुक्तिः क्षिप्रं विष्णुमुपासताम् || इति परमश्रुतिः ||” - Those who not knowing the greatness of Sri Vishnu do not worship Him, though they worship Sri they not having worshipped Him, will surely be cursed by her. Therefore, knowing supremacy of Sri Hari and the procedure for worshipping Him, one should then meditate upon Sri. Then satisfied with this, she will assure their devotion to Sri Vishnu. Thus having realized the Lord, the devotee will be liberated, of this there is no doubt. Even then, knowing Sri, the all supreme One, who is deficient of all defects, who ever propitiates her spouse, the Supreme Person with wisdom, he, verily, is the one who is supremely equanimous. But great is the distress for him, who propitiates Sri as distinct (and not the lord). If she is propitiated along with Sri Vishnu then to him great happiness comes about. Otherwise, if Vishnu is worshipped later as necessary considering Him as her spouse, the liberation will be delayed. Therefore, those who propitiate Sri and also Vishnu will attain liberation. Thus in Parama Scripture, yuktaatma means one who is superior in spiritual aspirations, and in equanimity.

Portrait of Jñāneśvar

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī

English

ARJUNA SPAKE:

1 "Thus, ever steadied in Yoga, the devotees who seek Thee in service, and those likewise who (seek) the Unmanifest Immutable: of these, which ones are the best knowers of the Yoga?" (20)

Then the son of Pāṇḍu, the greatest amongst the heroes, and the very emblem of victory in the 'Soma' dynasty, thus spoke to Lord Krishna. "Oh have you heard (what I said)! You made available for me, the vision of the Omniform: it was wonderful and my mind got frightened at it. Being accustomed to (seeing) your Krishna form, I (my life) thought of taking its protection: but the God censured me and told me not to do so. But manifest or non-manifest, both these are your own forms, the former attainable by devotion and the latter by Yoga (discipline). Both these are ways of approaching your paradise (Vaikuntha), while the manifest or the non-manifest are only the two thresholds there. The fineness of a bar of gold weighing a hundred tolas is the same as that of a piece, weighing only one 'Wal' (बाल—about 1/50th of a tola) out of it tested separately. Thus the value of the manifest, a simple entity, and of the all-pervading non-manifest, is one and the same. The same degree of power (to confer immortality) as is found in an ocean of nectar, can be found in a single mouthful (चूल) taken out of a nectar wave. My mind has reached this conviction definitely. Yet I ask this question, Oh the Master of the Yoga, only with the object to know whether the Omniform, you had for a little while assumed, was a real thing or only an assumed guise. But (there are) such ones as perform all actions solely on your account, and to whom you are the greatest of all, and who have also surrendered their minds to devotion, and who in all these ways worship you, chaining you to their heart and soul. And (there are likewise others) men of knowledge who worship, with the conception that they themselves are He (the Deity), and He is they themselves (सौहंभावे), (they are) also that, which is beyond the sacred syllable 'Om' (the mystic name of the Hindu triad) which is unsecurable even by the clear faculties of speech, and which is uncomparable, and which is immutable and non-manifest, beyond description, and without a place. O Anant, now do tell me, which of these—those steadied in Yoga, or the devotees that seek you in service—are considered the best knowers of Yoga.' At these words of Kiriti, the Lord of the universe felt pleased and said, 'You know best how to question!'

Swami Ramsukhdas · Modern

English

'Evaṁ satatayuktā ye bhaktāḥ'—The expression 'Ye bhaktāḥ'

10/9—With their mind and their life wholly absorbed in Me, enlightening each other.

11/55—He performs all actions for Me, he is devoted to Me and he depends on Me.

In the following verses before this chapter there is the description of the devotees who worship formless God.

4/34—Know that (knowledge of the self) by prostration, by question, by service.

4/39—The man who is full of faith obtains that knowledge.

5/8—Sāṅkhyaṅgi who knows the truth (reality) thinks, "I do nothing at all."

5/13—Neither acting nor causing others to act.

5/24-26—Attains Brahma Nirvāṇa (healtitude of God).

6/25—Having established the mind in the self or in God.

8/11—The Supreme Being who is declared Imperishable by those who know to the Vedas.

8/13—Uttering the mono-syllabled Om, the Brahma and remembering Me.

9/15—Others worship Me in My absolute formless aspect.

(those devotees) stands, for the same striver for whom 'Yaḥ' (who) and 'Saḥ' (he) terms, have been used by the Lord in the fifty-fifth verse of the eleventh chapter. Such strivers, worship God, Who is endowed with attributes and form.

Here the term 'Evam', directs towards the fifty-fifth verse of the eleventh chapter.

'Satatayuktā (ever steadfast), is he who believes 'I am only God's.'

The strivers (devotees), who have full faith in God, have the only aim of God-realization. Therefore while undertaking, either spiritual activities, such as adoration and meditation etc., or mundane activities, such as business or service or earning their livelihood, such devotees ever remain steadfast in Him, by thinking of Him i.e., they have their affinity only for Him.

A striver, commits an error if while performing spiritual activities, he thinks that he has affinity for God, and while performing mundane actions, he believes that he has affinity for the world. The reason is, that he has not fixed God-realization, as the only aim of his life. If he realizes that the only aim of human life is, God-realization, and sticks to it, all his activities will conduce him to God-realization.

If an aspirant thinks of the Lord, at the beginning of an activity and at its end, it means, that he has thought of the Lord, even during the performance of the activity, in the same way as a businessman while making entries in his account book, gets so much absorbed in it, that he even forgets who he is, and why he is making those entries and calculations. Though it seems forgetfulness, yet it is not forgetfulness because he has his aim in his mind. Similarly a striver, always believes that he is only God's and whatever action he performs, is only for Him. Therefore while engaged in performing duties his apparent forgetfulness of God is not in fact forgetfulness of God as he has no doubt in his conviction that he is only God's and working only for God.

'Tvām paryupāsate'—Here, the term 'Tvām'—should be interpreted in a wider sense, covering all the forms with attributes assumed by Him during His various incarnations, as well as the form with which He resides in His Divine Abode, and also He, Who is called by different forms and names, according to, the beliefs of devotees.

The term 'Paryupāsate' means, 'to worship well.' As a chaste wife through her body serves her husband, thinking of him in his absence and serves his parents and performs all household duties, only to please and serve him, so does a striver, being engrossed in Him, by chanting His names, through thinking and meditation, by rendering service to beings and through the performance of mundane duties, worships Him alone, without attaching the least importance to perishable objects and actions.

'Ye cāpyakṣaramavyaktam'—The term 'Ye', stands for the strivers, who worship attributeless and formless, God.

The term 'Akṣaram', stands for the Imperishable Brahma, Who is all Truth, all Consciousness and all Bliss consolidated, (it will be explained in the third verse of this chapter).

The term 'Avyaktam', stands for the Unmanifested, Who is incomprehensible to the senses. Here, the use of two adjectives 'Akṣaram' (imperishable) and 'Avyaktam' (Unmanifest), has been made for attributeless and formless Brahma (It will also be explained in the third verse of this chapter).

It seems, that the Lord by using the term 'Api' (only), wants to compare the devotees who worship the Lord endowed with form, with those devotees who worship only the formless Absolute (Brahma), by regarding Him, superior.

'Teṣām ke yogavittamāḥ'—Here the term 'Teṣām', stands for both the devotees—those who worship God with attributes, and also those, who worship attributeless God. In the fifth verse of this chapter, this term has been used for devotees who worship attributeless, God, while in the seventh verse, it has been used

for devotees, who worship God with attributes. So Arjuna wants to ask, which of the two, is better.

If we give a serious thought to the answer offered by the Lord to Arjuna's question, we come to realise the importance of Arjuna's question.

From the second verse of this chapter to the twentieth verse of the fourteenth chapter, Lord Kṛṣṇa went on speaking continuously. This is the only occasion when Lord Kṛṣṇa, spoke continuously for such a long time, by uttering seventy-three verses. It shows that, Lord Kṛṣṇa wants to clarify many vital points. He wants to explain the identity of the Lord, Who is endowed with form, with Brahma, Who is formless; the means of attaining the two, and the marks of perfect devotees (Gītā 12/13—19) and the wise (Gītā 14/22—25) and how they may realize the importance of renouncement, of attachment to the world.

It means, that the supreme word, the most secret of all, for the supreme good of all beings, which the Lord wanted to announce, for the welfare of them, was disclosed in response to Arjuna's question inspired by Lord Kṛṣṇa.

**Appendix**—The Gītā being a 'Yogaśāstra', in it 'Yoga' is important. Therefore who is a real Yogavettā?—This is Arjuna's question. There are three categories of Yogavettās—(i) Yogavit viz., Yogī, (ii) Yogavittara viz., better of the two Yogīs, (iii) Yogavittama viz., the best of all Yogīs. Arjuna has no doubt about 'Yogavit' and 'Yogavittara' but he has doubt about 'Yogavittama'.

*Link:—The Lord, answers Arjuna's question, in the next verse pertaining to the superiority of worshippers who worship God with attributes, and those who worship, attributeless God.*

Portrait of Ādi Śaṅkarācārya

Ādi Śaṅkarācārya · Advaita

Sanskrit

एवं इति अतीत-अनन्तर-श्लोकेन उक्तं अर्थं परामृशति ``मत्-कर्म-कृत्'' (भ. गी. ११-५५) इत्यादिना । एवं सतत-युक्ताः, नैरन्तर्येण भगवत्-कर्म-आदौ यथोक्ते अर्थे समाहिताः सन्तः प्रवृत्ताः इति अर्थः । ये भक्ताः अनन्य-शरणाः सन्तः त्वां यथा-दर्शितं विश्व-रूपं पर्युपासते ध्यायन्ति; ये च अन्येऽपि त्यक्त-सर्व-एषणाः सन्न्यस्त-सर्व-कर्माणः यथा-विशेषितं ब्रह्म अक्षरं निरस्त-सर्व-उपाधित्वात् अव्यक्तं अकरण-गोचरम् । यत् हि करण-गोचरं तत् व्यक्तं उच्यते, अञ्जेः धातोः तत्-कर्मकत्वात्; इदं तु अक्षरं तत्-विपरीतम्, शिष्टैः च उच्यमानैः विशेषणैः विशिष्टम्, तत् ये च अपि पर्युपासते, तेषां उभयेषां मध्ये के योग-वित्-तमाः? के अतिशयेन योग-विदः इति अर्थः ॥

श्री-भगवान् उवाच -- ये तु अक्षर-उपासकाः सम्यग्-दर्शिनः निवृत्त-एषणाः, ते तावत् तिष्ठन्तु; तान् प्रति यत् वक्तव्यम्, तत् उपरिष्टात् वक्ष्यामः । ये तु इतरे --

Portrait of Ādi Śaṅkarācārya

Ādi Śaṅkarācārya · Advaita

Hindi

दूसरे अध्यायसे लेकर विभूतियोगतक अर्थात् दसवें अध्यायतक समस्त विशेषणोंसे रहित अक्षरब्रह्म परमात्माकी उपासनाका वर्णन किया गया है।

तथा उन्हीं अध्यायोंमें स्थान-स्थानपर सम्पूर्ण योग-ऐश्वर्य और सम्पूर्ण ज्ञान-शक्तिसे युक्त, सत्त्वगुणरूप उपाधिवाले आप परमेश्वरकी उपासनाका भी वर्णन किया गया है।

तथा विश्वरूप (एकादश) अध्यायमें आपने उपासनाके लिये ही मुझे सम्पूर्ण ऐश्वर्ययुक्त, सबका आदि और समस्त जगत्का आत्मारूप अपना विश्वरूप भी दिखलाया है और वह रूप दिखलाकर आपने 'मेरे ही लिये कर्म करनेवाला हो' इत्यादि वचन भी कहे हैं। इसलिये इन दोनों पक्षोंमें कौन-सा पक्ष श्रेष्ठतर है, यह जाननेकी इच्छासे मैं आपसे पूछता हूँ। इस प्रकार अर्जुन बोले—

'एवम्' शब्दसे जिसके आदिमें 'मत्कर्मकृत्' यह पद है, उस पासमें ही कहे हुए श्लोकके अर्थका अर्थात् एकादश अध्यायके अन्तिम श्लोकमें कहे हुए अर्थका (अर्जुन) निर्देश करता है।

इस प्रकार निरन्तरतासे उपर्युक्त साधनोंमें अर्थात् भगवदर्थ कर्म करने आदिमें दत्तचित्त हुए—लगे हुए जो भक्त, अनन्य भावसे शरण होकर पूर्वदर्शित विश्वरूपधारी आप परमेश्वरकी उपासना करते हैं— उसीका ध्यान किया करते हैं।

तथा दूसरे जो समस्त वासनाओंका त्याग करनेवाले, सर्व-कर्म-संन्यासी (ज्ञानीजन) उपर्युक्त विशेषणोंसे युक्त परम अक्षर, जो समस्त उपाधियोंसे रहित होनेके कारण अव्यक्त है, ऐसे इन्द्रियादि करणोंसे अतीत ब्रह्मकी उपासना किया करते हैं। संसारमें जो इन्द्रियादि करणोंसे जाननेमें आनेवाला पदार्थ है वह व्यक्त कहा जाता है; क्योंकि 'अज्ञ' धातुका अर्थ इन्द्रियगोचर होना ही है और यह अक्षर उससे विपरीत अकरणगोचर हैं एवं महापुरुषोंद्वारा कहे हुए विशेषणोंसे युक्त हैं, ऐसे ब्रह्मकी जो उपासना करते हैं।

उन दोनोंमें श्रेष्ठतर योगवेत्ता कौन हैं? अर्थात् अधिकतासे योग जाननेवाले कौन हैं?

Portrait of Jñāneśvar

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī

Marathi

तरी सकलवीराधिराजु । जो सोमवंशीं विजयध्वजु । तो बोलता जाहला आत्मजु । पंडुनृपाचा ॥ २० ॥ कृष्णातें म्हणे अवधारिलें । आपण विश्वरूप मज दाविलें । तें नवल म्हणौनि बिहालें । चित्त माझें ॥ २१ ॥ आणि इये कृष्णमूर्तीची सवे । यालागीं सोय धरिली जीवें । तंव नको म्हणोनि देवें । वारिलें मातें ॥ २२ ॥ तरी व्यक्त आणि अव्यक्त । हें तूंचि एक निभ्रांत । भक्ती पाविजे व्यक्त । अव्यक्त योगें ॥ २३ ॥ या दोनी जी वाटा । तूंतें पावावया वैकुंठा । व्यक्ताव्यक्त दारवंठां । रिगिजे येथ ॥ २४ ॥ पैं जे वानी श्यातुका । तेचि वेगळिये वाला येका । म्हणौनि एकदेशिया व्यापका । सरिसा पाडू ॥ २५ ॥ अमृताचिया सागरीं । जे लाभे सामर्थ्याची थोरी । तेचि दे अमृतलहरी । चुळीं घेतलेया ॥ २६ ॥ हे कीर माझ्या चित्तीं । प्रतीति आथि जी निरुती । परि पुसणें योगपती । तें याचिलागीं ॥ २७ ॥ जें देवा तुम्हीं नावेक । अंगिकारिलें व्यापक । तें साच कीं कवतिक । हें जाणावया ॥ २८ ॥ तरी तुजलागीं कर्म । तूंचि जयांचें परम । भक्तीसी मनोधर्म । विकोनि घातला ॥ २९ ॥ इत्यादि सर्वीं परीं । जे भक्त तूंतें श्रीहरी । बांधोनियां जिव्हारीं । उपासिती ॥ ३० ॥ आणि जें प्रणवापैलीकडे । वैखरीयेसी जें कानडें । कायिसयाहि सांगडें । नव्हेचि जें वस्तु ॥ ३१ ॥ तें अक्शर जी अव्यक्त । निर्देश देशरहित । सोऽहंभावें उपासित । ज्ञानिये जे ॥ ३२ ॥ तयां आणि जी भक्तां । येरयेरांमाजी अनंता । कवणें योगु तत्त्वतां । जाणितला सांगा ॥ ३३ ॥ इया किरीटीचिया बोला । तो जगद्बंधु संतोषला । म्हणे हो प्रश्नु भला । जाणसी करूं ॥ ३४ ॥

Portrait of Jñāneśvar

Jñāneśvar · Vārkarī

Hindi

On verses 12.1–12.2

(12.20) सकल वीरों में श्रेष्ठ, सोमवंश का विजयध्वज, पाण्डु नृप का पुत्र अर्जुन कहने लगा

(12.21) कि हे कृष्ण! सुनिए, आपने मुझे विश्वरूप दिखाया, उस अद्भुत स्वरूप को देख कर मेरा चित्त डर गया। (12.22) और मुझे इस कृष्णमूर्ति का परिचय था, इसलिए मेरा अन्तःकरण इसकी ओर लग रहा परन्तु देव ने मुझे हटक कर मना किया।

(12.23) परन्तु व्यक्त और अव्यक्त दोनों निश्चय से आप ही एक हैं, भक्ति से आपके व्यक्त स्वरूप की प्राप्ति होती है, और योग से अव्यक्त की।

(12.24) हे वैकुण्ठ! ये दोनों मार्ग आपकी ही प्राप्ति के हैं। इस में व्यक्त और अव्यक्त इन दो द्वारों में से जाना पड़ता है।

(12.25) परन्तु जो कस सब सोने का होता है वही उससे अलगाये हुए एक रत्ती भर का होता है, एवं व्यापक (समग्र) और एकदेशी (अंश) वस्तु की योग्यता समान है।

(12.25) अमृत के समुद्र से सामर्थ्य की जो महिमा मिलती है, वही महिमा अमृत-तरंगों से भरी हुई चुल्लू में भी रहती है।

(12.27) यह बात निश्चय से मेरे अन्तःकरण में सत्य प्रतीत हो गई है। परन्तु हे योग-पति! आपसे पूछने का हेतु यह है

(12.28) कि मैं यह जानना चाहता हूँ कि है देव! आपने क्षण भर जो विराट् रूप स्वीकारा था वही आपका सत्य स्वरूप है, अथवा उसे आपने कुतूहल से स्वीकार किया था? (12.29) इसलिए जो भक्त आप ही का कर्म समर्पण करते हैं, आप ही जिनके परम श्रेष्ठ हैं और जिन्होंने अपना मनोधर्म आपकी भक्ति के बदले माल दे दिया है,

(12.30) ऐसे सब प्रकार से, हे श्रीहरि, जो आपको अन्तःकरण से बाँधे हुए आपकी उपासना करते हैं,

(12.31) तथा जो ओंकार से परे है, वैखरी वाणी के लिए दुर्घट है, और जो किसी के भी समान नहीं है

(12.32) उस अक्षर, अव्यक्त, निर्मल और व्यापक स्वरूप की जो ज्ञानी सोहंभाव से उपासना करते हैं

(12.34) उन ज्ञानियों और उक्त भक्तों में हे अनन्त! एक दूसरे की अपेक्षा योग यथार्थ में किसे अवगत हुआ समझना चाहिए?

(12.34) अर्जुन के इन वचनों से उन जगन्मित्र को सन्तोष हुआ और उन्होंने कहा — अजी, तुम अच्छा प्रश्न पूछना जानते हो।

Portrait of Sri Udiya Baba

Sri Udiya Baba · Modern

Hindi

संगति— दशवें अध्याय में विभूतियोग कहकर ग्यारहवें अध्याय में ऐश्वर्ययुक्त विश्वरूप दिखलाते हुए भगवान् श्रीकृष्ण ने यह सूचित किया कि सारी सृष्टि मेरे ही भीतर है। अतः श्रीकृष्ण पूर्ण ब्रह्म ही हैं। ग्यारहवें अध्याय के ४६ वें श्लोक में 'सहस्रबाहो भव विश्वमूर्ते' कहकर अर्जुन ने उन्हें सर्वरूप स्वीकार किया है। तथा ३८ वें श्लोक में उन्हें स्पष्ट ही आदिदेव, पुराणपुरुष और इस विश्व का परम आश्रय कहा है— 'त्वमादिदेवः पुरुषः पुराणस्त्वमस्य विश्वस्य परं निधानम्।'

यह बात तो निश्चित है कि उपासना भेददृष्टि के बिना नहीं होती। लौकिक-अलौकिक सब व्यवहार भेददृष्टि से ही होते हैं। उपासना भी उन्हीं के अन्तर्गत है। सगुण और निर्गुण भेद से उपासना दो प्रकार की है। राम-कृष्णादि अवतारों की, विराट् और हिरण्यगर्भ की तथा शब्दादि की उपासनाएँ सगुण के अन्तर्गत हैं तथा भगवान् के अव्यक्त और अचिन्त्य गुणातीत स्वरूप की उपासना निर्गुणोपासना है। इन दोनों में कौन उपासना श्रेष्ठ है—यह जानने के लिये अर्जुन प्रश्न करता है।

भावार्थ— अर्जुन बोला—जो भक्त इस प्रकार निरन्तर योगयुक्त होकर सब प्रकार आपकी उपासना करते हैं और जो अविनाशी निराकार स्वरूप की उपासना करते हैं, उन दोनों में श्रेष्ठ योग जानने वाला कौन है?

व्याख्या— तात्पर्य यह कि अध्याय ९ से ११ तक बतलाये हुए सगुण साकार रूप की उपासना करने वाले और द्वितीय आदि अन्य अध्यायों में वर्णित निर्गुण निराकार स्वरूप की उपासना करने वालों में कौन श्रेष्ठ है। गीता में इन दोनों उपासनाओं का स्थान-स्थान पर वर्णन है। दोनों ही प्रकार की उपासना करने वाले अनेकों पुरुष हैं, इसलिये उनको सूचित करने के लिये बहुवचन का प्रयोग किया गया है।

दो की तुलना होने पर 'तरप्' प्रत्यय होता है किन्तु यहाँ 'योगवित्तमाः' में 'तमप्' प्रत्यय दिया है। इससे सूचित होता है कि अर्जुन सर्वश्रेष्ठ उपासक को जानना चाहता है, वह इन दो प्रकार के उपासकों में से हो अथवा इनसे भिन्न कोई और हो। अर्जुन के इस आशय को लक्ष्य करके भगवान् भी 'तमप्' प्रत्यय में ही उत्तर देते हैं।

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एवं सततयुक्ता ये भक्ताः—ग्यारहवें अध्यायके पचपनवें श्लोकमें भगवान्ने 'यः' और 'सः' पद जिस साधकके लिये प्रयुक्त किये हैं, उसी साधकके लिये अर्थात् सगुण-साकार भगवान्की उपासना करनेवाले सब साधकोंके लिये यहाँ 'ये भक्ताः' पद आये हैं।

यहाँ 'एवम्' पदसे ग्यारहवें अध्यायके पचपनवें श्लोकका निर्देश किया गया है।

'मैं भगवान्का ही हूँ,'—इस प्रकार भगवान्का होकर रहना ही 'सततयुक्त' होना है।

भगवान्में पूर्ण श्रद्धा रखनेवाले साधक भक्तोंका एकमात्र उद्देश्य भगवत्प्राप्ति होता है। अतः प्रत्येक (पारमार्थिक—भगवत्सम्बन्धी जप-ध्यानादि अथवा व्यावहारिक—शारीरिक और आजीविका-सम्बन्धी) क्रियामें उनका सम्बन्ध नित्य-निरन्तर भगवान्से बना रहता है। 'सततयुक्ताः' पद ऐसे ही साधक भक्तोंका वाचक है।

साधकसे यह एक बहुत बड़ी भूल होती है कि वह पारमार्थिक क्रियाओंको करते समय तो अपना सम्बन्ध

भगवान्से मानता है, पर व्यावहारिक क्रियाओंको करते समय वह अपना सम्बन्ध संसारसे मानता है। इस भूलका कारण है—समय-समयपर साधकके उद्देश्यमें होनेवाली भिन्नता। जबतक बुद्धिमें धन-प्राप्ति, मान-प्राप्ति, कुटुम्ब-पालन आदि भिन्न-भिन्न उद्देश्य बने रहते हैं, तबतक साधकका सम्बन्ध निरन्तर भगवान्के साथ नहीं रहता। अगर वह अपने जीवनके एकमात्र उद्देश्य भगवत्प्राप्तिको ठीक-ठीक पहचान ले, तो उसकी प्रत्येक क्रिया भगवत्प्राप्तिका साधन हो जायगी। भगवत्प्राप्तिका उद्देश्य हो जानेपर भगवान्का जप-स्मरण-ध्यानादि करते समय तो उसका सम्बन्ध भगवान्से है ही; किन्तु व्यावहारिक क्रियाओंको करते समय भी उसको नित्य-निरन्तर भगवान्में लगा हुआ ही समझना चाहिये।

अगर क्रियाके आरम्भ और अन्तमें साधकको भगवत्प्राप्ति है, तो क्रिया करते समय भी उसकी निरन्तर सम्बन्धात्मक भगवत्प्राप्ति रहती है—ऐसा मानना चाहिये। जैसे, बहीखातेमें जोड़ लगाते समय व्यापारीकी वृत्ति इतनी

तल्लीन होती है कि मैं कौन हूँ और जोड़ क्यों लगा रहा हूँ—इसका भी ज्ञान नहीं रहता। केवल जोड़के अंकोंकी ओर ही उसका ध्यान रहता है। जोड़ शुरू करनेसे पहले उसके मनमें यह धारणा रहती है कि 'मैं अमुक व्यापारी हूँ तथा अमुक कार्यके लिये जोड़ लगा रहा हूँ' और जोड़ लगाना समाप्त करते ही पुनः उसमें उसी भावकी स्फुरणा हो जाती है कि 'मैं अमुक व्यापारी हूँ और अमुक कार्य कर रहा था।' अतः जिस समयमें वह तल्लीनतापूर्वक जोड़ लगा रहा है, उस समय भी 'मैं अमुक व्यापारी हूँ और अमुक कार्य कर रहा हूँ'—इस भावकी विस्मृति दीखते हुए भी वस्तुतः 'विस्मृति' नहीं मानी जाती।

इसी प्रकार यदि कर्तव्य-कर्मके आरम्भ और अन्तमें साधकका यह भाव है कि 'मैं भगवान्का ही हूँ और भगवान्के लिये ही कर्तव्य-कर्म कर रहा हूँ', तथा इस भावमें उसे थोड़ी भी शंका नहीं है, तो जब वह अपने कर्तव्य-कर्ममें तल्लीनतापूर्वक लग जाता है, उस समय उसमें भगवान्की विस्मृति दीखते हुए भी वस्तुतः विस्मृति नहीं मानी जाती।

'त्वाम् पर्युपासते'—यहाँ 'त्वाम्' पदसे उन सभी सगुण-साकार स्वरूपोंको ग्रहण कर लेना चाहिये, जिनको भगवान् भक्तोंके इच्छानुसार समय-समयपर धारण किया करते हैं और जो स्वरूप भगवान्ने भिन्न-भिन्न अवतारोंमें धारण किये हैं तथा भगवान्का जो स्वरूप दिव्यधाममें विराजमान है—जिसको भक्तलोग अपनी मान्यताके अनुसार अनेक रूपों और नामोंसे कहते हैं।

'पर्युपासते'—पदका अर्थ है—'परितः उपासते' अर्थात् अच्छी तरह उपासना करते हैं। जैसे पतिव्रता स्त्री कभी पतिकी सेवामें अपने शरीरको अर्पण करके, कभी पतिकी अनुपस्थितिमें पतिका चिन्तन करके, कभी पतिके सम्बन्धसे सास-ससुर आदिकी सेवा करके और कभी पतिके लिये रसोई बनाना आदि घरके कार्य करके सदा-सर्वदा पतिकी ही उपासना करती है, ऐसे ही साधक भक्त भी कभी भगवान्में तल्लीन होकर, कभी भगवान्का जप-स्मरण-चिन्तन करके, कभी सांसारिक प्राणियोंको भगवान्का ही मानकर उनकी सेवा करके और कभी भगवान्की आज्ञाके अनुसार सांसारिक कर्मोंको करके सदा-सर्वदा भगवान्की उपासनामें ही लगा रहता है। ऐसी उपासना ही अच्छी तरह की गयी उपासना है। ऐसे उपासकके हृदयमें उत्पन्न और नष्ट होनेवाले पदार्थों और क्रियाओंका

किंचिन्मात्र भी महत्त्व नहीं होता।

'ये चाप्यक्षरमव्यक्तम्'—यहाँ 'ये' पद निर्गुण-निराकारकी उपासना करनेवाले साधकोंका वाचक है। अर्जुनने श्लोकके पूर्वार्द्धमें जिस श्रेणीके सगुण-साकारके उपासकोंके लिये 'ये' पदका प्रयोग किया है, उसी श्रेणीके निर्गुण-निराकारके उपासकोंके लिये यहाँ 'ये' पदका प्रयोग किया गया है।

'अक्षरम्' पद अविनाशी सच्चिदानन्दधन परब्रह्मका वाचक है (इसकी व्याख्या इसी अध्यायके तीसरे श्लोकमें की जायगी)।

जो किसी इन्द्रियका विषय नहीं है, उसे 'अव्यक्त' कहते हैं। यहाँ 'अव्यक्तम्' पदके साथ 'अक्षरम्' विशेषण दिया गया है। अतः यह पद निर्गुण-निराकार ब्रह्मका वाचक है (इसकी व्याख्या इसी अध्यायके तीसरे श्लोकमें की जायगी)।

'अपि' पदसे ऐसा भाव प्रतीत होता है कि यहाँ साकार उपासकोंकी तुलना उन्हीं निराकार उपासकोंसे की गयी है, जो केवल निराकार ब्रह्मको श्रेष्ठ मानकर उसकी उपासना करते हैं।

'तेषां के योगवित्तमाः'—यहाँ 'तेषाम्' पद सगुण और निर्गुण दोनों प्रकारके उपासकोंके लिये आया है। इसी अध्यायके पाँचवें श्लोकमें 'तेषाम्' पद निर्गुण उपासकोंके लिये आया है, जबकि सातवें श्लोकमें 'तेषाम्' पद सगुण उपासकोंके लिये आया है।

इन पदोंसे अर्जुनका अभिप्राय यह है कि इन दो प्रकारके उपासकोंमें कौन-से उपासक श्रेष्ठ हैं।

'साकार और निराकारके उपासकोंमें श्रेष्ठ कौन है?'—अर्जुनके इस प्रश्नका भगवान्ने जो उत्तर दिया है, उसपर गहरा विचार करनेसे अर्जुनके प्रश्नकी महत्ताका पता चलता है; जैसे—

इस अध्यायके दूसरे श्लोकसे चौदहवें अध्यायके बीसवें श्लोकतक भगवान् अविराम बोलते ही चले गये हैं। तिहत्तर श्लोकोंका इतना लम्बा प्रकरण गीतामें एकमात्र यही है। इससे स्पष्ट प्रतीत होता है कि भगवान् इस प्रकरणमें कोई अत्यन्त महत्त्वपूर्ण बात समझाना चाहते हैं। साधकोंको साकार और निराकार स्वरूपमें एकताका बोध हो, उनके हृदयमें इन दोनों स्वरूपोंको प्राप्त करानेवाले साधनोंका सांगोपांग रहस्य प्रकट हो, सिद्ध भक्तों (गीता—बारहवें अध्यायके तेरहवेंसे उन्नीसवें श्लोकतक)

और ज्ञानियों (गीता—चौदहवें अध्यायके बाईसवेंसे पचीसवें श्लोकतक)—के आदर्श लक्षणोंसे वे परिचित हों और संसारसे सम्बन्ध-विच्छेदकी विशेष महत्ता उनकी समझमें आ जाय—इन्हीं उद्देश्योंको सिद्ध करनेमें भगवान्की

विशेष रुचि मालूम देती है। तात्पर्य है कि भगवान्के हृदयमें जीवोंके लिये जो परमकल्याणकारी, अत्यन्त गोपनीय और उत्तमोत्तम भाव थे, उनको प्रकट करवानेका श्रेय अर्जुनके इस भगवत्प्रेरित प्रश्नको ही है।

**परिशिष्ट भाव**—‘योगशास्त्र’ होनेसे गीतामें ‘योग’ मुख्य है। अतः असली योगवेत्ता कौन है?—यह अर्जुनका प्रश्न है। योगवेत्ताओंकी तीन श्रेणियाँ हैं—(१) योगवित् अर्थात् योगी (२) योगवितर अर्थात् दो योगियोंमें श्रेष्ठ योगी और (३) योगवित्तम अर्थात् सम्पूर्ण योगियोंमें श्रेष्ठ योगी। अर्जुनको ‘योगवित्’ और ‘योगवित्तर’ के विषयमें सन्देह नहीं है, प्रत्युत ‘योगवित्तम’ के विषयमें सन्देह है।

सम्बन्ध—अर्जुनके सगुण और निर्गुण उपासकोंकी श्रेष्ठता-विषयक प्रश्नके उत्तरमें भगवान् निर्णय देते हैं।

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